Exchange and transport systems: The effects of lung disease

Question 1

Define tidal volume

Answer 1

The volume of air in each breath

Question 2

Define vetilation rate

Answer 2

The number of breaths per minute

Question 3

Define forced expiratory volume (FEV1)

Answer 3

The maximum volume of air that can be breathed out in 1 second

Question 4

Define residual volume

Answer 4

The volume of air left in the lungs after breathing out as much as possible

Question 5

Define Forced vital capacity

Answer 5

the maximum volume of air possible to be breathe out forcefully out of the lungs after a really deep breath in

Question 6

What is a spirometer

Answer 6

A machine used to measure the volume of air breathed in and out

Question 7

What is the normal tidal volume for adults

Answer 7

Between 0.4dm³ and 0.5dm³

Question 8

What is the ventilation rate for a healthy person

Answer 8

15 breaths

Question 9

List the main lung diseases

Answer 9

• Pulmonary tuberculosis
• Asthma
• Fibrosis
• Emphysema

Question 10

What is asthma

Answer 10

Respiratory condition causing airways to become inflamed and irritated

Question 11

What is asthma caused by and how does it impact the body

Answer 11

• Caused by allergic reaction to substances like dust and pollen
• During asthma attack, smooth muscle lining in bronchioles contract, causing big amount of mucus to be produced - constricts airways
• Results in decrease of forced expiratory volume

Question 12

How can asthma be relieved

Answer 12

By drugs that cause the bronchioles to relax

Question 13

What is emphysema

Answer 13

Lung disease caused by smoking or long term exposure to air pollution

Question 14

What is emphysema caused by and how does it impact the body

Answer 14

• Smoking or long term exposure to air pollution causes inflammation (attracting phagocytes to the area) - these phagocytes break down elastin meaning the alveoli cant recoil to expel air
• Results in increased ventilation rate due to attempt to get more oxygen into the lungs

Question 15

What is pulmonary tuberculosis caused by and how does it impact the body

Answer 15

• Its caused by a tuberculosis bacteria causing immune cells to form small, hard lumps called around it called tubercles
• When infected tissue within the tubercules die causing damage to the gaseous exchange surface
• Results in decrease in tidal volume, which increases ventilation rate bc they have to breathe faster

Question 16

What is fibrosis

Answer 16

Formation of scar tissue around the lungs

Question 17

What is fibrosis caused by and how does it impact the body

Answer 17

• Can be caused by exposure to substances like dust or can be as a result of an infection
• Scar tissue forms (which is less elastic than normal tissue) meaning lungs are less able to expand and cant hold as much air
• Slower diffusion due to thicker scar membrane
• Tidal volume decreases, FVC decreases, ventilation rate increases

Question 18

State the the symptoms of asthma

Answer 18

Excess mucus

Question 19

State the the symptoms of emphysema

Answer 19

• Shortness of breath
• Wheezing

Question 20

State the the symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis

Answer 20

• Persistent cough
• Coughing blood
• Shortness of breath

Question 21

State the the symptoms of fibrosis

Answer 21

• Shortness of breath
• Dry cough
• Chest pain