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Biology > Cells: Cell cycle and mitosis > Flashcards

Cells: Cell cycle and mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three MAIN stages in the cell cycle

A
  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
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2
Q

Name the three stages of interphase

A
  • G1 phase
  • S phase
  • G2 phase
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3
Q

What occurs during the G1 phase

A

Cell is growing then receives a signal to divide

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4
Q

What occurs during the S phase

A

DNA replicates

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5
Q

What occurs during the G2 phase

A
  • Synthesis of various proteins occurs (ribosomes, microtubules)
  • Checkpoint where DNA is proof-read
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6
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have in their body cells

A

46

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7
Q

Name and describe the features of a chromosome

A

Centromere - region where the cells’ spindle fibres attach (centre of the chromosome)
Chromatid - one of the two identical halves of a chromosome
Sister chromatids - Identical copies of a single chromosome

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8
Q

What is mitosis

A
  • The process of nuclear division by which two genetically identical daughter nuclei are produced that are also genetically identical to the parent cell nucleus
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9
Q

Name the stages of mitosis in order

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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10
Q

Name all the stages in the cell cycle in order

A
  • Interphase (G1, S , G2)
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytokinesis
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11
Q

State the main events of each stage of mitosis

A
  • Prophase - Chromosomes condense
  • Metaphase - Chromosomes line up in them middle of the cell
  • Anaphase - Chromatids break apart at he centromere and move to opposite poles
  • Telophase - Two nuclei form after nuclear envelopes reform around each group of chromosomes
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12
Q

What happens during prophase

A
  • Chromosomes condense and are now visible when stained
  • The two centrosomes (replicated in the G2 phase just before prophase) move towards opposite poles of the cell
  • Spindle fibres begin to emerge from the centrosomes
  • The nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane) breaks down into small vesicles
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13
Q

What happens during metaphase

A
  • Centrosomes reach opposite poles
  • Spindle fibres continue to extend from centrosomes
  • Chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle
  • Spindle fibres reach the chromosomes and attach to the centromeres
  • Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fibre
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14
Q

What happens during anaphase

A
  • The sister chromatids separate at the centromere
  • Spindle fibres begin to shorten
  • The separated sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibres
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15
Q

What happens during Telophase

A
  • Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense
  • Nuclear envelopes begin to reform around each set of chromosomes
  • The spindle fibres break down
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16
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells

A

A cleavage furrow forms and separates the daughter cells

17
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in plant cells

A
  • A ‘cell plate’ forms at the site of the metaphase plate
  • Once the cell plate reaches the cell walls of the parent cell, new cell walls are produced, separating the new daughter cells
18
Q

Why is mitosis needed

A

To grow and repair body cells

19
Q

What occurs during interphase

A
  • Cell receives a signal to divide
  • DNA replicates
  • Synthesis of various proteins occurs (ribosomes, microtubules)
  • Checkpoint where DNA is proof-read
  • ATP content increases
20
Q

How are tumours formed

A

When cells develop mutations that make them divide uncontrollably

21
Q

How can a cancer treatment target the cell cycle

A
  • G1 (cell growth and protein production): Some chemical drugs (chemotherapy) prevent the synthesis of enzymes needed for DNA replication
    • If these aren’t produced, the cell is unable to enter the synthesis phase (S), disrupting the cell cycle and forcing the cell to kill itself
  • S phase (DNA replication): Radiation and some drugs damage DNA. At several points in the cell cycle (including just before and during S phase) the DNA in the cell is checked for damage
    – If severe damage is detected, the cell will kill itself, preventing further tumour growth
22
Q

State the main event that occurs during prophase

A

Chromosomes condense

23
Q

State the main event that occurs during metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in them middle of the cell

24
Q

State the main event that occurs during anaphase

A

Chromatids break apart at he centromere and move to opposite poles

25
Q

State the main event that occurs during telophase

A

Two nuclei form after nuclear envelopes reform around each group of chromosomes

26
Q

What is a cleave furrow

A

An indentation that appears in a cell’s surface when the cell is preparing to divide

27
Q

What is a metaphase plate

A

An imaginary plane axis that lies between the centrosomes at different poles of the cell

27
Q

What is a cell plate

A

A structure that forms when the cytoplasm of a plant cell divides

Biology (38 decks)

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