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Biology > Cells: Structure of eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

Cells: Structure of eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell

A

A cell that has a definite closed nucleus and organelles that are enclosed by a plasma membrane ( cell surface membrane)

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2
Q

What is a plasma membrane (cell-surface membrane)

A

Membrane found in eukaryotic cells that protects the interior of the cells from the outside

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3
Q

What is the function of a plasma membrane

A

It protects the cell from its surroundings by controlling the entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell

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4
Q

How is the plasma membrane adapted to carry out its function

A

It is made up of a phospholipid bilayer which acts as a barrier ( a semi permeable membrane) and the proteins in the plasma membrane assist with the transfer of molecules in and out of the cell

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5
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus

A

It controls the activity of a cell and is the site of DNA replication

Also produces mRNA which carries the genetic information needed to make proteins

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6
Q

What is a nucleus

A

It is a membrane bound organelle in a cell which contains DNA usually in the form of chromatin and is surrounded by its own membrane

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7
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body (Golgi apparatus)

A

It transports, modifies and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to target destinations

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8
Q

What is the function of the Golgi vesicles

A

It directs lipids and proteins to targeted locations

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9
Q

What is the Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A series of membrane folds that connect to the nuclear envelope

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10
Q

What is the nuclear envelope

A

A double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What is the function of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

It synthesises and processes lipids within the cell

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12
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Makes and synthesises the proteins that ribosomes produce and are folded and moved over to the golgi apparatus

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13
Q

How is the rough endoplasmic reticulum adapted to carry out its function

A

It is studded with ribosomes

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14
Q

How is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum adapted to carry out is function

A

It has branched networking which allows for an increased surface area

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15
Q

What is a ribosome

A

It is a tiny organelle that either floats freely in the cytoplasm or is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

What is the function of a ribosome

A

A ribosome is the site of protein synthesis

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17
Q

What is ATP

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy-carrying molecule used in cells

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18
Q

What is the function of a mitochondrion

A

It is the site of aerobic respiration which provides the cell with all the energy it needs

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19
Q

Name and describe the features found in the mitochondria

A
  • Outer membrane
  • Inner membrane - Contains many folds which form cristae
  • Matrix - space located in the enclosed inner membrane
  • Intermembrane space - space located between the inner and outer membranes
20
Q

How is the mitochondria adapted to its function

A

It has a double membrane with an inner one with many folds which form cristae - these folds allow for more surface area to be achieved

21
Q

Function of a cell wall

A

Provides tensile strength and protection against stress which keeps plant cells rigid

22
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

A gel-like substance by which chemical reactions take place

23
Q

What is the function of a vacuole

A

Contains the waste product of a plant cell and keeps the cell rigid

24
Q

Name the features found in the chloroplast

A
  • Stroma
  • Thylakoids
  • Grana (granum pl.)
  • [Stroma] lamellae
  • Chloroplast envelope (made of inner and outer membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Starch grains
25
Q

Outline thylakoids as a feature found in chloroplasts

A
  • Flattened fluid-filled sacs
  • Responsible for trapping light energy and transferring it into ATP
  • Stack up to form grana
26
Q

Outline the stroma as a feature found in chloroplasts

A
  • The stroma is the fluid filling the inner space of the chloroplast
  • The site of light-independent stage of photosynthesis
27
Q

Outline granum as a feature found in chloroplasts

A
  • A stack like structure (of thylakoids) containing chlorophyll
  • Where light reactions of photosynthesis occur
28
Q

Outline [stroma] lamellae as a feature found in chloroplasts

A
  • Connect thylakoids of two different grana - increasing photosynthesis efficiency by making sure they do not clutter
29
Q

Outline the chloroplast envelope as a feature found in chloroplasts

A
  • Made of an inner and outer membrane
30
Q

Outline ribosomes as a feature found in chloroplasts

A

Small 70S ribosomes responsible for producing chloroplast DNA

31
Q

Outline the role of chloroplast DNA

A

It codes for some of the chloroplast proteins

32
Q

Outline starch grains as a feature found in chloroplasts

A

Sugars formed during photosynthesis are stored inside starch grains

33
Q

Chloroplasts function

A

It is the site of photosynthesis

34
Q

Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough

A

This is because it is studded with ribosomes

35
Q

What are lysosomes

A

A special kind of golgi vesicle that are and membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes called lysozymes

36
Q

What is the lysosome’s functions

A

They break down worn out or damaged organelles
They can contribute to the digestion of bacteria during phagocytosis

37
Q

What is the function on the nuclear envelope

A

It separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

38
Q

What is the Nucleolus

A

An area inside the nucleus that is made up of RNA

39
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus

A

It produces the cells ribosomes by combining rRNA with proteins to make them

40
Q

What is mRNA

A

It stands for messenger RNA and it is a type of single-stranded RNA involved in protein synthesis

41
Q

What is rRNA

A

It is the part of ribosomes that is responsible for making proteins

42
Q

Were are ribosomes made

A

In the nucleolus

43
Q

State the type of ribosome found in eukaryotic cells

A

80S ribosomes

44
Q

State the ribosomes found in prokaryotic cell

A

70S ribosomes

45
Q

What is a specialised cell

A

A cell that has undergone differentiation; having distinctive structure enabling a certain function

46
Q

State the organisation that occurs to form organ systems

A

Specialised cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems

Biology (38 decks)

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