Biological molecules 1: Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are monosaccharides

Answer 1

One sugar molecule

Question 2

What are the two types of sugars

Answer 2

Reducing sugars
Non reducing sugars

Question 3

What atoms do all carbohydrates contain

Answer 3

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

Question 4

Examples of monosaccharides

Answer 4

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

Question 5

Glucose is a hexose sugar. What does this mean

Answer 5

It means that it has six carbon molecules

Question 6

What is condensation reaction

Answer 6

A reaction where water gets released and a bond is formed

Question 7

What is a glycosidic bond

Answer 7

It is a covalent bond which occurs between a monosaccharide and another group

Question 8

Examples of disaccharides

Answer 8

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

Question 9

What monosaccharides is maltose made of

Answer 9

Two alpha glucose molecules

Question 10

What monosaccharides is Lactose made of

Answer 10

One alpha glucose molecules and a galactose molecule

Question 11

What monosaccharides are sucrose made of

Answer 11

One of an alpha glucose molecule and a fructose molecules

Question 12

What is the different between alpha glucose and beta glucose

Answer 12

The hydroxyl group on the right side of glucose have been reversed

Question 13

What is a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 13

Using water to break down molecules

Question 14

What is the definition of a isomer

Answer 14

Molecules with the same molecular formulae but connect differently

Question 15

How is a disaccharide formed

Answer 15

They are formed when two monosaccharides bond via a condensation reaction

Question 16

What are polysaccharides

Answer 16

They are more than two monosaccharides that are joined together by a condensation reaction to form a glycosidic bond

Question 17

Examples of polysaccharides

Answer 17

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

Question 18

What are the two substances in starch

Answer 18

Amylose
Amylopectin

Question 19

Properties of amylose

Answer 19

Long
Unbranched
Contains C1 - 4 links

Question 20

Properties of amylopectin

Answer 20

Long
Branched
Contains both C1-4 links and C1-6 links

Question 21

Is starch soluble or insoluble

Answer 21

Insoluble

Question 22

Why is starch insoluble

Answer 22

This is so it doesn’t impact water potential
and it is good for storage

Question 23

What is glycogen

Answer 23

An animal storage polysaccharide

Question 24

What is starch

Answer 24

A plant storage polysaccharide

Question 25

Properties of glycogen

Answer 25

Long More branched than starch ( contains more C1 -6 links)

Question 26

What is cellulose

Answer 26

It is a structural polysaccharide found in plants

Question 27

Properties of cellulose

Answer 27

Slow decomposition Unbranched Monomers of cellulose (beta glucose) are alternatively flipped 180° to form C1 - 4 linkages

Question 28

Is starch made from alpha or beta glucose

Answer 28

Alpha

Question 29

Is glycogen made from alpha or beta glucose

Answer 29

Alpha

Question 30

Is cellulose made from alpha or beta glucose

Answer 30

Beta

Question 31

What links cellulose chains together

Answer 31

Hydrogen bonds

Question 32

Amylose is coiled - how does this help its function

Answer 32

It makes it compact - so it takes up less space meaning that it is optimal for storage

Question 33

Amylopectin is branched - how does this help its function

Answer 33

The branched amylopectin means that more bonds are exposed to enzymes for hydrolysis

Question 34

What are monomers

Answer 34

A molecule that can be bonded together with other similar molecules through condensation reactions to form polymers

Question 35

What are polymers

Answer 35

Polymers are a large molecule that have been bonded by smaller similar monomers through a series of condensation reactions

Question 36

What is fructose found in

Answer 36

Fruits

Question 37

What is galactose found in

Answer 37

Milk

Question 38

What are isomers

Answer 38

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but a different spatial arrangement

Question 39

Is sucrose a reducing sugar or a non reducing sugar

Answer 39

Non reducing

Question 40

How are the structures of cellulose and glycogen different

Answer 40

Glycogen has a branched structure and forms coils, whereas cellulose is a straight chain Glycogen has both 1,4- and 1,6-glycosidic bonds Cellulose just has 1,4-glycosidic bonds Cellulose is made from beta-glucose monomers, whereas glycogen is made up of alpha-glucose monomers.

Question 41

How does glycogen act as an energy source

Answer 41

The glucose contained within glycogen can be used to release energy through the process of respiration

Question 42

In alpha glucose is the OH group at the top or bottom

Answer 42

Bottom

Question 43

In beta glucose is the OH group at the top of the bottom

Answer 43

Top

Question 44

Are all monosaccharides reducing sugars

Answer 44

Yes

Question 45

What are reducing sugars

Answer 45

Sugars that can donate an electron to another molecule