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Psychology 12 > Exam Revision > Flashcards

Exam Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

What do correlation studies not include?

A

IVs, DVs and controls

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2
Q

What are correlation studies?

A

design where a researcher looks at the relationship between two variables

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3
Q

What is external validity?

A

whether the study findings can be generalized to other contexts.

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4
Q

What is internal validity?

A

whether the study design answers the research questions without bias.

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5
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

a variable other than the IV that has had an effect on the DV which cannot be separated from that of the IV

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6
Q

Examples of confounding variables?

A

Coffee and lung cancer.
Coffee drinkers may smoke more cigarettes than non-coffee drinkers thus cigarettes are the confounding variables

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7
Q

What are extraneous variables?

A

a variable other than the IV that may cause a change in the DV

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8
Q

Examples of extraneous variables?

A

biological sex, prior experience, motivation, instructions, test conditions

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9
Q

What is repeatability?

A

the degree to which an investigation obtains similar results when conducted again under the same conditions.

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10
Q

What is reproducibility?

A

how close the results are
when an investigation is replicated
under changed conditions.

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11
Q

Do all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander frameworks emphasise Country and history

A

not all emphasise history

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12
Q

What are the two main areas needed to construct imagined futures and what are their roles?

A

hippocampus - encodes explicit non-emotional memories used to construct imagined futures
neocortex - stores explicit memories used to construct imagined futures

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13
Q

What are imagined futures? What are 4 types?

A

projecting self forward to pre-experience a possible event in future
abstract and specific & personal and non-personal

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14
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

memory system consisting of episodes of an individuals life (combination of semantic and episodic memories)

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15
Q

What are the 4 memory types?

A

episodic - personal experiences
semantic - facts
classically conditioned - memories of classical conditioning
procedural - how to perform motor movements

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16
Q

What is anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

A

anterograde - loss of memory after trauma
retrograde - loss of memory previous to trauma

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17
Q

What causes does anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

A

anterograde - damage to hippocampus and neurodegenerative disorders
retrograde - neurodegeneration in STM area

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18
Q

What memory loss is experienced first in Alzheimers?

A

anterograde then retrograde

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19
Q

What causes alzhiemers?

A
  • amyloid plaque outside neurons inhibiting communication and causes neural pathways to die
  • neurofibulary tangles of tau (a protein) that inhibits transport of essential nutrients to neuron resulting in the neuron dying
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20
Q

Symptoms of Alzheimers?

A
  • gradual severe memory loss
  • confusion
  • impaired attention
  • disordered thinking
  • declined thinking
  • decline in social skills
  • personality changes
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21
Q

What causes memory loss in Alzheimer’s?

A
  • lack of neurotransmitter acetylcholine - needed for memory formation (encoding and consolidation of LTM)
  • brain atrophy (brain shrinkage)
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22
Q

What is the process of neurotransmission for a neurotransmitter?

A
  • neurotransmitter travels across multiple synaptic gaps from pre synaptic neurons axon terminals to receptor sites on dendrites of post synaptic neurons
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23
Q

What is the process of neurotransmission for neuromodulators?

A
  • released from axon terminals of pre-synaptic neurons and travel across multiple synapses and bind to receptor sites on dendrites of post synaptic neurons
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24
Q

What gives low levels of reproducibility

A

subjective results

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25
Q

What are positive and negatives correlations?

A

positive - both variables move in same direction
negative - variables move in different directions

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26
Q

Strengths and weaknesses or random allocation?

A

strengths - no bias, evenly distributed, controls participant differences
weaknesses - complete list may not be available and minority sub group may not be present

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27
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of using a simulation?

A

strengths - dangerous concepts can be tested violating ethics
weaknesses - participants may view as fake, time consuming and expensive

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28
Q

How does an individual use systematic desensitisation?

A
  • relaxation technique (breathing retraining)
  • create a fear hierarchy
  • work through fear hierarchy step by step (systematically)
  • top the hierarchy (continue until full exposure without fear response)
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29
Q

What is mindfulness meditation?

A

type of meditation in which a person focuses attention on their breathing whilst thoughts, feelings, and sensations are experienced freely as they arise in the present. Paying
attention to current surroundings, being in the present.

30
Q

What are songlines?

A

a navigational route of a sequence of locations used by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples which may also serve as a mnemonic device

31
Q

Outline how you would learn and retrieve information in reference to the multistore model of memory

A
  • Read information and the raw iconic sensory information will enter your sensory memory
  • Then pay attention to the information and it will be encoded into the STM
  • Continue to read and rehearse the memory and it will be stored in the LTM
  • Retrieve the information from the LTM to the STM to remember it again
32
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Negative reinforcement is the removal of a negative stimulus in order to reward desired behaviour and increase likelihood of it repeating

33
Q

What the 2 are cultural determinants for wellbeing?

A

Cultural continuity and self determination

34
Q

How would consent be given to a patient with Alzheimers?

A

a guardian or carer would sign on their behalf

35
Q

What is sleep hygiene?

A

practices improve and maintain good sleep and
full daytime alertness

36
Q

An individual heard a loud sound when doing an exam explain how information was processed with reference to the multi-store model of memory?

A

The information entered sensory memory as raw echoic information and would have lasted 2-4 seconds. If paid attention to is encoded to STM. If rehearsed gets transferred to LTM otherwise is forgotten after 30 seconds.

37
Q

Is CBT or CBS used when facing mental health issues?

A

CBS as mental health is not a phobia and CBT is only used in phobias

38
Q

Why is sleep defined as psychological construct?

A

complex internal experience cannot be directly observed and has difficulty being measured both subjective and objective measures need to be used

39
Q

What age group has the most awakenings?

A

younger people

40
Q

Is feeling drowsy an affective symptom?

A

no

41
Q

Are injuries an example of an internal or external stressor?

A

internal

42
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

sampling from different subgroups in the same
proportions as they occur in the population

43
Q

What is Aphantasia?

A

a condition in which the individual cannot visualise mental imagery

44
Q

Affective symptoms of sleep deprivation include?

A

mood swings, depression, irritability, heightened anxiety, lack of motivation

45
Q

Behaviour symptoms of sleep deprivation include?

A

slower reaction time, clumsiness, risk-taking behaviour

46
Q

Cognitive symptoms of sleep deprivation include?

A

lack of concentration, impaired decision making, illogical/irrational thoughts, trouble with repetitive/simple tasks, reduced creativity

47
Q

Physiological symptoms of sleep deprivation include?

A

fatigue, trembling hand, drooping eyelids, inability to focus eye, slurred speech, lack of energy, increased pain sensitivity, headaches

48
Q

What are the effects of higher and lower temp on sleep?

A

higher - decreased deep sleep
lower - increased deep sleep

49
Q

What are melatonin release and deep sleep quantity like in elderly people?

A

both are lower

50
Q

What stage does FFF occur in?

A

counter shock

51
Q

What are individuals with superior autobiographical memories able to do better?

A

visualise clearer mental imagery

52
Q

How can sleep Hygiene strategies be used to deal with Circadian Rhythm Disorders?

A

manipulate zeitgebers and environmental cues to improve sleep-wake cycle and decrease effects of sleep deprivation

53
Q

What is neuroplasicity?

A

brains ability to adapt and change based on experience

54
Q

What is process of using method of loci?

A

choosing a location
creating a sequence
association with location
mentally place yourself and practise remembering

55
Q

What are the differences between songlines and method of loci?

A

Method of Loci: physical or imagined path
Songlines: tied to real landscapes.

Method of Loci: no specific spiritual or cultural meaning.
Songlines: Deeply embedded in cultural identity, spirituality and culture

Method of Loci: Can be learned and used by anyone
Songlines: Passed down through generations, often requiring initiation

Method of Loci: Can be adapted to store any type of information
Songlines: they are deeply tied to the landscape and specific cultural narratives.

Method of Loci: Primarily visual, using mental imagery to recall information.
Songlines: Primarily auditory, involving songs, chants, and oral recitations.

56
Q

What are the ways of knowing?

A

the knowledge systems, worldviews, and practices of Australia’s Indigenous peoples.

57
Q

What is one similarity and difference between the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ways of knowing and Western ways?

A

similarity - both ways focus on teaching the younger generation
difference - Western ways focus on written text, whether ways of knowing focus on oral methods

58
Q

Why are the ways of knowing considered multimodal and oral?

A

multimodal - uses range of ways to encode and learn information
oral - uses storytelling and oral communication to pass down knowledge and teach

59
Q

What are cultural determinants?

A

cultural values, beliefs, practises and traditions that shape the ways Indigenous people behave

60
Q

What is an approach strategy?

A

strategy that directly approaches stress

61
Q

What is coping flexibiility?

A

changing the coping strategy to better meet demands of the stressor

62
Q

How much sleep do neonates, children, adolescents, young adults and elderly people need?

A

neonates - 12-16
children - 10-12
adolescentes - 8-10
young adults and elderly - 7+

63
Q

What is melatonin?

A

a hormone released from the pineal gland that induces sleep

64
Q

What are the adaptive functions of cortisol?

A

controls blood sugar, energies body, regulates metabolism, reduces information and assists with memory

65
Q

What are the maladaptive functions of cortisol?

A

suppression of immune system, weight gain, mood disorders/mental health issues, disruption of sleep patterns and reduced muscle mass

66
Q

What are the similarities and differences between observational and operant conditioning?

A

similarities - active learners and reinforcement
differences - direct versus vicarious and learning is seen versus not seen

67
Q

Strength and weakness of within subjects design?

A

strengths - no participant differences and fewer people needed
weaknesses - produces carryover effects, higher dropout rates and 2 data points are lost if dropout occurs

68
Q

Strength and weakness of between subjects design?

A

strengths - no carryover effects, less time commitment and participants are less likely to guess hypothesis (less bias)
weaknesses - more participants, participant differences and less efficient

69
Q

Strength and weakness of mixed subject design?

A

strengths - balances efficiency with control and less confounding variables and participant differences
weaknesses - complex design, increased time and larger sample size required

70
Q

What are carryover effects?

A

when one condition effects participants behaviour in a later conditions.

71
Q

What should be included in a hypothesis?

A

IV, DV, population, what they are doing

72
Q

Why is SEWB considered multidimensional and holistic?

A

multidimensional - 7 areas/dimensions that create a complex approach
holistic - considers whole person in all 7 areas when evaluating their social and emotional wellbeing

Psychology 12 (11 decks)

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