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Psychology 12 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Central Nervous System consist of?

A

brain + spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the spinal cord and its function?

A
  • column of nerve fibres
  • highway for neurons
  • takes sensory and motor information between CNS and PNS
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3
Q

Is sensory afferent or efferent?

A

afferent

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4
Q

Is motor afferent or efferent?

A

efferent

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5
Q

What does afferent mean?

A

towards

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6
Q

What does efferent mean?

A

away

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7
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

MOG - muscles, organs and glands

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8
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

everything outside of the CNS

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9
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A
  • collect send sensory information to the CNS
  • receive motor information from CNS and distribute it
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10
Q

What are the 2 sub types of the PNS?

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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11
Q

What does the somatic nervous system include?

A

muscles

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12
Q

What is the somatic nervous systems function?

A

voluntary movement

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13
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

involuntary movement

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14
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system include?

A

organs and glands

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15
Q

What are the 3 sub groups of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric

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16
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

prepares body for action (Fight, Flight or Freeze)

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17
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

returns the body to homostatis, calms body down

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

sensory, motor and interneurons

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19
Q

What is the sensory neurons function?

A

sends sensory information towards brain (afferent)

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20
Q

What is the motor neurons function?

A

sends motor info FROM brain to body (efferent)

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21
Q

What are the interneurons function?

A

sends information between sensory and motor neurons

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22
Q

What are the most common neuron?

A

interneuron

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23
Q

Where can interneurons be found?

A

Central nervous system only

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24
Q

What is spinal reflex?

A

an automatic unconscious response activated by pain or threats

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25
Q

How does spinal reflex occur?

A

interneuron interprets a sensory neurons message and deems it as dangerous, thus sending a motor neuron down prematurely in order to get out of danger faster

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26
Q

What do the dendrites do?

A

receives incoming messages from presynaptic neuron

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27
Q

What does the axon do?

A

pathway in which neural messages travel

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28
Q

What do the myelin sheaths do?

A

tissue that encases axon and speeds up message transmission speed

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29
Q

What does the axon terminals do?

A

exit pathway for neural messages

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30
Q

What do the terminal buttons do?

A

releases neurotransmitter to postsynaptic neuron for communication

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31
Q

What is neuraltransmission?

A

process in which neurons communicate

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32
Q

What is the presynaptic neuron?

A

neuron that sends the impulse

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33
Q

What is the postsynaptic neuron?

A

neuron that receives the impulse

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34
Q

What are the ions doing when a neuron is in its resting state?

A

negative inside and positive outside

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35
Q

What happens to the ions when a neuron is activated?

A

As the impulse travels across the neuron the ions switch charges

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36
Q

What are the two effects a neural transmitter can release?

A

excitatory and inhibitory

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37
Q

What does an inhibitory effect do?

A

decreases likelihood of neurons firing

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38
Q

What does an excitatory effect do?

A

increases likelihood of neurons firing

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39
Q

What does a neuromodulator do?

A

increases a neurotransmitters inhibitory or excitatory effects

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40
Q

What is neuroplasicity?

A

the brains ability to change as a result of experience

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41
Q

What are the four types of neuroplasicity?

A

developmental and adaptive or function and structure

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42
Q

What is developmental plasicity?

A

natural change with growth

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43
Q

What is adaptive plasicity?

A

plasticity as a result of brain damage/trauma

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44
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

neuroplasicity at a cellular level

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45
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

increase of synaptic strength through high frequency stimulation

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46
Q

What is long-term depression?

A

reduction of efficiency due to low frequency stimulation

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47
Q

What is sprouting?

A

neural connection creation

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48
Q

What is rerouting?

A

re-establishing of neural connections and the creation of alternate neural routes

49
Q

What is pruning?

A

removing of old neural connections

50
Q

What is functional plasticity?

A

when a neuron changes in reactivity depending on its use

51
Q

What is structural plasicity?

A

when neurons physically create neural connections

52
Q

Is GABA inhibitory or excitatory?

A

inhibitory

53
Q

Is Glutamate inhibitory or excxitatory?

A

excitatory

54
Q

What does GABA do?

A

calms body

55
Q

What does glutamate do?

A

learning and memory formation

56
Q

What are two neuromodulators?

A

dopamine and serotonin

57
Q

What does dopamine do?

A

increases pleasure

58
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

regulates mood

59
Q

What is stress?

A

a psychological and physiological state of tension in response to a stimulus

60
Q

What are the 4 types of stress?

A

distress and eustress or acute and chronic stress

61
Q

What is distress?

A

form of stress categorised by a negative psychological state

62
Q

What is eustress?

A

form of stress categorised by a positive psychological state

63
Q

What is acute stress?

A

stress in relation to a specific event

64
Q

What is chronic stress?

A

consistent sense of stress over a long period of time

65
Q

Whats the relationship between arousal and performance?

A

low arousal = bad performance
medium arousal = good performance
high arousal = bad performance

66
Q

What is a stressor?

A

stimulus that prompts a stress response

67
Q

What are the two types of stressors?

A

internal and external

68
Q

What is an internal stressor?

A

stressor from within that persons body

69
Q

What is an external stressor?

A

stressor from outside that persons body

70
Q

What is stress response?

A

result of stress, can be physiological or psychological and behavioural, cognitive or emotional

71
Q

What is fight, flight, freeze?

A

involuntary automatic stress danger response

72
Q

What type of stress is FFF most likely to occur in?

A

actue stress

73
Q

What are the two stress hormones?

A

adrenaline and cortisol

74
Q

What is adrenaline more prominent in?

A

acute stress

75
Q

What is cortisol good at?

A

maintaining heightened arousal

76
Q

What is arousal?

A

a state in which you feel heightened and alert

77
Q

What is psychosomatic illness?

A

when psychological symptoms result in physiological symptoms (illness)

78
Q

Which diagram is the GAS?

79
Q

Which diagram is transactional model of stress and coping?

A

flow chart

80
Q

What are the 3 stages of the gas model?

A

alarm, resistance and exhaustion

81
Q

What does the GAS model measure?

A

resistance to stress

82
Q

What are the 2 sub stages of the alarm phase?

A

shock and counter shock

83
Q

When is adrenaline administered in the GAS model?

A

counter shock phase

84
Q

When is cortisol administered in the GAS model?

A

resistance stage and onwards

85
Q

When is the FFF administered in the GAS model?

A

alarm (counter shock)

86
Q

What stage are unserious illnesses common?

A

resistance

87
Q

What stage are serious illness commonly know to occur?

A

exhaustion

88
Q

What are the strengths of the GAS model?

A

shows evidence between stress and illness
highlights predictable pattern
can be measured

89
Q

What are the limitations of the GAS model?

A

research was not conducted on humans
doesn’t account for psychological factors

90
Q

Is the GAS model psychological or physiological?

A

physiological

91
Q

Is the transactional model of stress and coping psychological or physiological?

A

psychological

92
Q

What is the transactional model of stress and coping?

A

theory that states that stress involves an encounter between an individual and their external environment

93
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of primary appraisal?

A

benign positive, stressful and irrelvant

94
Q

What is the primary appraisal stage include?

A

individuals assessment of the situation

95
Q

What is the secondary appraisal stage include?

A

individuals assessment of the available resources to deal with demands

96
Q

What are the 3 outcomes from a stressful primary apprasial?

A

harm/loss, threat and challenge

97
Q

What are the 2 outcomes of secondary appraisal?

A

coping resources are adequate and coping resources aren’t adequate

98
Q

What are the strengths of the transactional model?

A

accounts for individual differences
reappraisal stage explains why individual difference occurs

99
Q

What are the limitations of the transactional model?

A

lack of evidence, as data is not easily measured
primary and secondary model usually occur at same time (model doesn’t account for overlap)

100
Q

What is coping flexibility?

A

ability to stop ineffective coping strategies to use an alternate one

101
Q

What does high coping flexibility entail?

A

can readily adapt

102
Q

What does low coping flexibility entail?

A

cannot readily adapt and continues using ineffective coping strategies

103
Q

What is context specific effectiveness?

A

when there is a match between the coping strategy that is used and the stressful situation

104
Q

What is an approach reaction?

A

confronts stressors and deals with it directly

105
Q

What is an avoidance reaction?

A

evades stressors and doesn’t directly deal

106
Q

What are the two coping reactions?

A

approach and avoidance

107
Q

What does the enteric nervous system include?

A

gut, gastrointestinal tract and all other components of digestive system

108
Q

What is microbiota?

A

living organisms that live in our gastrointestinal tract

109
Q

What does microbiota do?

A

maintain gut health and functioing

110
Q

What is a mircobiome?

A

an area for micro living things

111
Q

How does the gut and brain relate?

A

bad gut health = higher stress, anxiety and cognitive decline

112
Q

What is the gut-brain axis?

A

the bi-directional relationship between the gut and brain

113
Q

What is the vagus nerve?

A

nerve that relays messages between gut and brain axis

114
Q

What percent of the vagus nerve is efferent and afferent?

A

10-20% afferent 80-90% efferent

115
Q

What makes the gut stand out from other organs?

A

only organ to function independent of the brain

116
Q

What is the relationship between the gut and autism?

A

9/10 people with autism have gut imbalances

117
Q

What is self efficacy?

A

the belief in our own ability and that our actions can influence outcomes

118
Q

What is resilience?

A

our ability to bounce back following adversity

Psychology 12 (11 decks)

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