Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is leanring?
A relatively permanent change in behaviour or acquisition of knowledge/skills as a result of experience
What classical conditioning
form of learning that involves repeated association of 2 stimuli creating a response when it shouldn’t naturally occur with one stimulus.
What type of learner is involved in the 3 conditioning types?
passive, active, active
Is the stimulus before or after in the 2 conditioning types?
before, after
What are the 3 stages of classical conditioning?
before, during and after
What does the before stage consist of?
NS has no association and doesn’t produce UCR
What does the during stage consist of?
NS is repeated paired with UCS to create UCR
What does the after stage consist of?
NS becomes CS and is able to produce UCR (now CR) on its own (involuntarily)
What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCR)?
stimulus that produces unconscious response (UCR)
What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?
stimulus that produces no significant response
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
stimulus that produces a conditioned response (CR)
What is a unconditioned response (UCR)?
naturally occurring behaviour in response the unconditioned stimulus (UCR)
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
stimulus that produces conditioned response (CR) that occurs involuntary
What is aquisition?
development of a CR through repeated association between UCS and NS
What is extinction?
disappearance of conditioned response
What is spontaneous response?
rest period after an extinction in which the CR response reappears
What is stimulus generation?
tendency for a stimulus to produce a similar CR
What is stimulus discrimination?
CR only effects the one original stimulus
What is operant conditioning?
three stage learning process in which the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour
What are the four types of consequences in operant conditioning?
positive (addition of stimulus) and negative (removal of stimulus), reinforcement (desirable) and punishment (undesirable)
What are the three stages of operant conditioning in order?
antecedent, behaviour and consequence
What is the antecedent stage of operant learning?
1st stage, in which the stimulus or event that triggers the behaviour occurs
What is the behaviour stage of operant learning?
the voluntary actions that occur in presence of antecedent
What is the consequence stage of operant learning?
outcome of behaviour that determines likelihood of reoccurring
What the the 3 things that the effectiveness of operant conditioning rely on?
order (correctly ordered -> better)
timing (quicker response -> better)
appropriateness (better/more appropriate consequence -> better)
What is observational learning?
socio-cognitive approach to learning that occurs when an individual’s future behaviour is effected by viewing a models’s actions and consequences
What is the most active type of conditioning?
observational learning
What is a socio-cognitive approach to learning?
a learning approach that involves both social setting and cognitive processes
What are the 5 stages of observational learning in order?
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement
What does the attention stage include?
learner actively watches model
What does the retention stage include?
learner stores mental representation of behaviour
What does the reproduction stage include?
learner has mental and physical ability to perform ability
What does the motivation stage include?
learner has desire to imitate behaviour
What does the reinforcement stage include?
learner experiences positive outcome after performing behaviour
What are the 2 motivation types?
intrinsic (occurs within individual) and extrinsic (occurs from external factors)
What are the 3 reinforcement types?
self (internal factors), external (external factors) and vicarious (observing reinforcement of others)
What are the advantages of the ways of learning?
learn about entire topic, community focused, long lasting and proven
What are the disadvantages of the ways of learning?
growth mindset is necessary, some oppose inclusion of all content
What are the main differences between the ways of learning and observational learning?
model can be fiction, multimodal system, highlights importance of relationships and has strong relations to country
