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Microbiology 101 > Exam III: Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Exam III: Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Define “metabolism”

A

The sum of chemical reactions within a living organism

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2
Q

Metabolism is the chemistry of breaking things down for ____ AND ______ for cellular life

A

Energy; Building/Making things

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3
Q

Metabolism = ___ + ___

A

anabolism + catabolism

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4
Q

___ is the synthesis of complex organic molecules from simpler molecules.

A

Anabolism

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5
Q

___ is the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simper molecules

A

Catabolism

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6
Q

These kinds of reactions release water…

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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7
Q

These kinds of reactions use water molecules…

A

Hydrolytic

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8
Q

Catabolic reactions are generally ___ reactions (water molecules get used).

A

Hydrolytic

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9
Q

Anabolic reactions are generally ___ reaction (releases water).

A

Dehydration synthesis

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10
Q

Means “consuming energy”…is related to ____ reactions

A

Endergonic; Anabolism

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11
Q

Means “produces energy”…is related to ___ reactions.

A

Exergonic; Catabolism

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12
Q

These are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.

A

Enzymes

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13
Q

True/False: Enzymes are not consumed in chemical reactions.

A

True. Enzymes are NOT consumed in the reaction.

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14
Q

Enzymes have a ____ shape to recognize substrates.

A

Unique

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15
Q

Enzymes are specific for a particular ___ and ___.

A

Substrate and Reaction

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16
Q

___ is where the enzyme acts on on a particular molecule (protein, RNA, DNA, etc), specifically by attaching to the ___.

A

Substrate; Active site

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17
Q

True/False: Enzymes participate in chemical reactions, but are not consumed by them.

A

True. Enzymes are not consumed in chemical reactions. They can function over and over again.

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18
Q

___ (enzyme speed) is the maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme molecule can convert to product each second.

A

Turnover number

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19
Q

What is the turnover number for DNA polymerase (DNA synthesis)?

A

250

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20
Q

What is the turnover number for Catalase (breakdown of H2O2)?

A

20,000

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21
Q

___ enzymes are made entirely of protein (sequences of ___ that fold up into 3D shape).

A

Simple; Amino acids

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22
Q

___ enzymes are more complex, and made up of 2 parts.

A

Conjugated

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23
Q

The protein component of a conjugated enzyme is called the ___.

A

Apoenzyme

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24
Q

The non-protein component of a conjugated enzyme is called the ___.

A

Cofactor

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25
Q

An organic molecule that is a cofactor is called a ___.

A

Coenzyme

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26
Q

Apoenzyme + Cofactor = ___

A

Holoenzyme

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27
Q

Without a cofactor, apoenzyme is ___.

A

Not active (Needs a cofactor to work! eg DNA polymerase III)

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28
Q

Enzyme names usually end in -___.

A

-ase

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29
Q

Elevation above a certain temperature leads to enzyme ___. (What does this mean?)

A

denaturation (It doesn’t work anymore!)

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30
Q

Most enzymes have a pH ___. Extreme pH can result in enzyme ___.

A

optimum; devaturation

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31
Q

True/False: Under normal conditions, enzymes are saturated.

A

False. Under normal conditions, enzymes are NOT saturated.

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32
Q

____ leads to maximal enzyme activity, and the enzyme is said to be ___.

A

High substrate concentration; Saturated

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33
Q

In a high substrate concentration, the enzyme is doing what?

A

Going as fast as it possibly can.

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34
Q

Metabolic pathways usually contain many steps, each with an individual ___ at each step. This is known as a _____.

A

Enzyme; Multienzyme systems

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35
Q

3 different patterns seen in metabolic pathways are:

A

Linear, Cyclic, Branched

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36
Q

How do you control metabolic pathways, at the level of the enzymes? (2 answers)

A

Control of enzyme action; Control of synthesis

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37
Q

What are the two types of inhibitors relative to controlling enzyme action in controlling metabolic pathways?

A

Competitive & Non-competitive

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38
Q

This inhibitor is similar in shape and chemical structure to the substrate

A

Competitive inhibitor

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39
Q

This inhibitor interacts with a site other then the active site.

A

Non-competitive inhibitor

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40
Q

This inhibitor may bind reversibly, or irreversibly

A

Non-competitive inhibitor

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41
Q

This inhibitor fills the active site and blocks the substrate which the enzyme is acting on.

A

Competitive inhibitor

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42
Q

Inhibition of folic acid synthesis by sulfanilamide, which competes with PAPA for the enzyme’s active site, is an example of what kind of inhibition?

A

Competitive inhibition

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43
Q

This inhibitor binds somewhere else, or changes shape

A

Non-competitive inhibitor

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44
Q

When the end product of a metabolic pathway is often a non-competitive inhibitor of that pathway, this is known as ___.

A

Feedback inhibition

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45
Q

What is the purpose of feedback inhibition?

A

It prevents the cell from wasted energy.

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46
Q

This is when cells use electrons in a “hot potato” way to generate ATP

A

Redox Reaction

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47
Q

Oxidation is …

A

Oxidation is the removal of electrons from a molecule.

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48
Q

Reduction is …

A

Reduction is the gaining of electrons by a molecule

49
Q

True/False: Oxidation and reduction reactions may be coupled together, or occur on their own individually.

A

False. Oxidation and reduction reactions are ALWAYS coupled (redox reactions).

50
Q

ATP has “high energy” (or ____), which allow the energy to __________.

A

Unstable bonds; Allows the energy to be released quickly and easily.

51
Q

Glycolysis is an example of what method of ATP generation?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

52
Q

Electron transport chain is an example of what method of ATP generation?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

53
Q

In substrate level phosphorylation, ATP is generated when a ___ ___ phosphate is transferred directly to ___ from a phosphorylated substrate

A

High energy; ADP

54
Q

ATP is made from ___

A

ADP

55
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from ___ ___ through a series of electron ___ to O2 or other oxidized inorganic or organic molecules.

A

organic compounds; carriers

56
Q

When electrons are transferred from organic compounds through a series of electron carriers to O2 or other oxidized inorganic or organic molecules, this sequence is known as ____.

A

Electron transport chain

57
Q

In the electron transport chain, energy is released during the transfer of electrons from one carrier and is used to make ___ from ___.

A

ATP from ADP.

58
Q

The third mechanism of ATP generation (which isn’t dealt with in detail in this class) is called ___.

A

Photophosphorylation

59
Q

In carbohydrate catabolism, microbes use two general processes to generate energy from carbohydrates. They are ___ and ___.

A

Cellular respiration and Fermentation

60
Q

Both methods of carbohydrate metabolism in microbes start with what process?

A

Glycolysis

61
Q

The first step in cellular respiration is ___.

A

Glycolysis

62
Q

The second step in cellular respiration is ___.

A

Intermediate step

63
Q

The third step in cellular respiration is ___.

A

Kreb’s Cycle (aka TCA Cycle)

64
Q

The fourth step in cellular respiration is ___.

A

Electron transport chain

65
Q

Glycolysis is when ___ is oxidized to ___ with ___ and ___ produced

A

Glucose; Pyruvic Acid; ATP; NADH

66
Q

NADH and FADH2 are both _____.

A

Energy-containing

67
Q

In the intermediate step of cellular respiration, ___ is converted to ___ with ___ produced.

A

Pyruvic Acid; Acetyl CoA; NADH

68
Q

In the Kreb’s Cycle step of cellular respiration, ___ is oxidized to ___ with ___, ___, and ___ produced.

A

Acetyl CoA; CO2; ATP; NADH; FADH2

69
Q

In the electron transport chain step of cellular respiration, ___ and ___ are oxidized through a series of ___ reactions, and a considerable amount of ___ is produced.

A

NADH; FADH2; redox; ATP

70
Q

Steps 1-5 of glycolysis is called the ____ stage.

A

Preparatory

71
Q

Steps 6-10 of glycolysis is called the ___ stage.

A

Energy

72
Q

Glycolysis starts out with a ___-carbon ___ molecule.

A

6-carbon; Glucose

73
Q

The preparatory stage of glycolysis nets __(#) ATP molecules.

A

-2 (uses 2 ATP molecules to “prime the pump”)

74
Q

The preparatory stage of glycolysis results in __(#) molecules of ___-carbon molecules of ________.

A

2; 3-carbon; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

75
Q

The energy phase of glycolysis starts out with __(#) molecules of ______.

A

2; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

76
Q

In glycolysis, for every glucose molecule, will result in __(#) _________ oxidized to __(#) _____.

A

2 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates;

77
Q

In glycolysis, for each one glucose molecule, there will be a net gain of __(#) ATP produced, and __(#) NADH produced.

A

4 ATP; 2 NADH

78
Q

The gain of ATP energy molecules occurs in glycolysis due to the process of _______.

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

79
Q

The final outcome of glycolysis is the production of __(#) molecules of ___, which are __-carbon molecule.

A

2; Pyruvic acid; 3-carbon

80
Q

What will the NADH molecules that are produced be used for?

A

To make more ATP

81
Q

After glycolysis, pyruvic acid can now undergo either ___ or ___.

A

fermentation or respiration

82
Q

The two types of cellular respiration are ___ and ___.

A

Aerobic respiration; Anaerobic respiration

83
Q

In aerobic respiration, oxygen is/is not required, and the final electron acceptor is ___.

A

oxygen IS required; O2

84
Q

In anaerobic respiration, oxygen is/is not required, and the final electron acceptor is ___.

A

oxygen is NOT required; an inorganic molecule other than O2.

85
Q

This is an alternative to glycolysis that involves the breakdown of 5 carbon sugars, and makes important intermediates (nucleic acids).

A

Phosphogluconate pathway

86
Q

This is an alternative to glycolysis that involves the glucose breakdown for organisms that don’t have all the necessary enzymes for glycolysis (for example, organisms in the ___ spp family).

A

Entner-Doudoroff reaction; Pseudomonas

87
Q

True/False: The alternatives to glycolysis are more efficient than glycolysis.

A

FALSE. The alternatives (phoshogluconate pathway and Entner-Doudoroff reaction) are NOT as efficient as glycolysis.

88
Q

True/False: In the intermediate step of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid is converted to acetyle CoA with NADH produced.

A

True

89
Q

The Kreb’s cycle is the __(#) step in cellular respiration, and is also known as ___.

A

3rd; TCA (Tricarboxylic acid) Cycle or citric acid cycle

90
Q

In the Kreb’s cycle, a large amount of potential energy stored in ___ is released by a series of ___ reactions that transfer ___ to the electron carrier coenzymes (NAD+ and FAD).

A

Acetyl CoA; Redox; electrons

91
Q

In regards to the Kreb’s cycle, NAD+ and FAD are ___.

A

Electron carrier coenzymes

92
Q

True/False: The intermediate step of cellular respiration is an energy generating step.

A

True

93
Q

In the intermediate step of cellular respiration, ___ is converted to a __-carbon compound (known as ___).

A

pyruvic acid; 2 carbon; decarboxylation

94
Q

In the intermediate step of cellular respiration, the 2-carbon acetyl group combines with ___ through a high energy bond. ___ is reduced to ___, which produces energy.

A

Coenzyme A; NAD+; NADH

95
Q

In the Kreb’s Cycle, for every molecule of glucose, there are __(#) acetyl-CoA molcules which will generate: __(#) CO2, __(#) NADH, __(#) FADH2, __(#) ATP.

A

2 acetyl CoA; 4 CO2; 6 NADH; 2 FADH2; 2 ATP

96
Q

The Krebs Cycle begins and ends with ___

A

Oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA

97
Q

Glycolysis has __ steps, uses __ ___ molecules for energy, and generates the following energy:

A

Glycolysis:

10 steps, 2 ATP used, Generates 4 ATP (Net 2 ATP), 2 NADH

98
Q

If you can interfere with ___ ___ in glycolysis pathway, you can ___ ___ the ability for that organism to generate ___.

A

Enzyme function; Take away; ATP

99
Q

Intermediate step has __ steps, uses ___ molecules for energy, and generates the following energy:

A

Intermediate Step:

1 step; Uses no energy; Generates 2 NADH

100
Q

Kreb’s Cycle/TCA step has __ steps, uses ___ molecules for energy, and generates the following energy:

A

Kreb’s Cycle:

9 steps; Uses no energy; Generates 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

101
Q

All the reduced ___ ___ ___ (2 NADH from glycolysis, 2 NADH from pyruvic acid to acetyle CoA conversation, and 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 from the Kreb’s Cycle) make their way to the electron transport chain

A

Coenzyme Electron Carriers

102
Q

The electron transport chain indirectly transfers the energy from the ___ to ___.

A

Coenzymes; ATP

103
Q

The sequence of carrier molecules capable of oxidation and reduction.

A

Electron transport chain (ETC)

104
Q

The release of energy in the electron transport chain is coupled to the generation of ATP by _____.

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

105
Q

The 3 classes of ETC (electron transport chain) molecules are:

A

Flavoproteins; Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone); Cytochromes

106
Q

These ETC carrier molecules have an iron-containing group (heme) which can exist in alternating reduced (Fe2+) and oxidized (Fe3+) forms.

A

Cytochromes

107
Q

These ETC carrier molecules are a small non-protein carrier molecule, and are found ___.

A

Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone); found all over.

108
Q

These ETC carrier molecules contain a coenzyme called flavin mononucleotide (FMN) that is derived from riboflavin. These molecules are also capable of ___ oxidations/reductions.

A

Flavoproteins; alternating oxidations/reductions

109
Q

ETC is located in the ____ of the ___ in eukaryotes

A

inner membrane; mitochondria

110
Q

ETC is located in the ___ of prokaryotes

A

plasma membrane

111
Q

ETCs are the same in what way?

A

They all share the same goal, which is to capture energy into ATP

112
Q

How are bacterial ETCs unique?

A

They are diverse (particular carriers and their order); Some bacteria have several types of ETCs

113
Q

How are eukaryotic ETCs unique?

A

They are more unified and better described (better studied)

114
Q

In a mitochondrial ETC, the process starts with what enzyme, acting on what molecules?

A

NADH dehydrogenase; NADH

115
Q

The final step of mitochondrial ETC involved what?

A

Pumping of H+ ions into the intermembrane space

116
Q

The electrons pumped into the intermembrane are picked up by a final acceptor? What is it, and what does it create?

A

O2, creates water (H20)

117
Q

What is created when there is an excess of protons pumped to one side of the membrane?

A

Proton gradient; Proton motive force

118
Q

What happens to the protons in the intermembrane space: What causes them to diffuse back across the membrane into the cell?

A

Chemiosmosis

119
Q

What enzyme uses the energy released by the diffusion of H+ across the membrane? It synthesizes ___ from ___.

A

ATP synthase. It synthesizes ATP from ADP.

Microbiology 101 (10 decks)

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