Exam I: Intro to Micro, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses

Question 1

Bacteria are ___ organisms, with no nucleus.

Answer 1

Prokaryotic

Question 2

The cell wall of bacteria are comprised of ___ and ___.

Answer 2

Peptidoglygan and carbohydrates

Question 3

___ are the weird suckers, having components of both ___ and ___, but are technically classified as ___.

Answer 3

Archaea; prokaryotes and eukaryotes, technically prokaryotic

Question 4

Archaea have no ___ and no ___

Answer 4

peptidoglycan, nucleus

Question 5

These eukaryotes are both unicellular and multicellular

Answer 5

Fungi

Question 6

These organisms live in high salt environments

Answer 6

Halophiles

Question 7

These organisms live in high temperature environments, such as Yellowstone’s Hot Springs

Answer 7

Thermophiles

Question 8

Fungi are ___ organisms

Answer 8

Eukaryotic

Question 9

Yeasts are an example of ___ fungal organisms

Answer 9

Unicellular

Question 10

Mushrooms and molds are an example of ___ fungal organisms

Answer 10

Multicellular

Question 11

True/False: Archaea are not really disease causing in humans

Answer 11

True. Archaea are not really disease causing in humans

Question 12

These unicellular eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, and also have the ability to move in the environment

Answer 12

Protozoa

Question 13

Viruses can only be seen with an electron microscope, since their size is only about _____

Answer 13

10-300 nm

Question 14

Viruses mature into ___

Answer 14

VIrions

Question 15

___ discovered the cell, by using a crude microscope to observe ___

Answer 15

Robert Hooke; dried cork wood

Question 16

___ invented the microscope and observed the first microbes, by looking at pond water. He termed these organisms ___

Answer 16

Antoni von Leeuwenhoek; animalcules

Question 17

___ began to dispell abiogenesis using an experiment with meat in jars

Answer 17

Francesco Redi

Question 18

Abiogenesis is ___

Answer 18

spontaneous generation

Question 19

___ created the smallpox vaccine, by using ___ to protect against it

Answer 19

Edward Jenner; cowpox

Question 20

___ introduced ___’s Postulates, where microbes were harvested from dead animals and _________.

Answer 20

Robert Koch; Koch’s postulates; grown in pure culture and used to infect a healthy animal

Question 21

___ finally dispelled abiogenesis by using growth of organisms in swan-necked flasks filled with broth.

Answer 21

Louis Pasteur

Question 22

In microbiology nomenclature, the ___ is capitalized and the ___ begins with lower case

Answer 22

Genus; Species

Question 23

___ and ___ observed mortality related to mothers giving birth in hospital vs. home, and developed initial ___ techniques, using crude/harsh chemicals.

Answer 23

Ignaz Sammelweis and Joseph Lister; aseptic technique

Question 24

___ found that salvarsan, an arsenic-containing compound, could treat ___. (First described chemotherapy)

Answer 24

Paul Ehrlich; syphilis

Question 25

___ found that mold growing on his petri dish was inhibiting the growth of bacteria around it, leading to the discovery of ___

Answer 25

Alexander Flemming; Penicillin

Question 26

Agar is made from ___

Answer 26

Algae

Question 27

This coccoid arrangement appears in pairs after division.

Answer 27

Diplococcus

Question 28

This coccoid arrangement appears in n end to end division

Answer 28

Chains

Question 29

This coccoid arrangement appears like a bunch of grapes.

Answer 29

Clusters

Question 30

This coccoid arrangement appears in groups of 4.

Answer 30

Tetrads

Question 31

Most bacilli appear as _____

Answer 31

Single rods

Question 32

These bacilli arrangements appear as pairs

Answer 32

Diplobacilli

Question 33

These bacilli arrangements look like really short rods in pairs, with an oval shape

Answer 33

Coccobacilli

Question 34

These spiral organisms are shaped like curved rods kind of look like boomerangs

Answer 34

Vibrios

Question 35

These spiral organisms are shaped in a helical (corkscrew), rigid manner

Answer 35

Spirilla

Question 36

These spiral organisms are shaped in a helical, flexible manner

Answer 36

Spirochetes

Question 37

The glycocalyx is also known as ___ or ___

Answer 37

capsule; slime layer

Question 38

How does the slime layer protect a pathogen from being taken up by a host defense?

Answer 38

It's very slippery

Question 39

How does the capsule help protect a pathogen from the environment drying, chemicals, etc)?

Answer 39

Adherence

Question 40

Flagellum are used for ___ and ___

Answer 40

Motility; Binding to cells and substrates

Question 41

Flagella consist of the following parts: ___, ___, and ___

Answer 41

Hook, Filament, Basal body

Question 42

Like striping on a candy cane, axial filaments are unique to ___ ___ ___.

Answer 42

Spiral shaped bacteria

Question 43

Movement towards or away from a stimulus based on chemicals is called ___.

Answer 43

Chemotaxis

Question 44

Movement toward or away from a stimulus based on light is called ___.

Answer 44

Phototaxis

Question 45

These short, thin appendages are seen with Gram (-) and some Gram (+) organisms

Answer 45

Fimbriae

Question 46

___ are used for cell to cell conjugation, which is a method of ____________.

Answer 46

Sex pili; transferring DNA to another bacterial cell

Question 47

This is composed of NAG, NAM, and polypeptides

Answer 47

Peptidoglycan

Question 48

This cell has a wall composed of a thick peptidoglycan layer around the cell membrane

Answer 48

Gram positive cell

Question 49

This cell has a wall composted of a thin peptidoglycan layer sandwiched between two cell membranes

Answer 49

Gram negative cell

Question 50

___ transport requires ATP and can go against a concentration gradient

Answer 50

Active transport

Question 51

___ transport does not require ATP and goes with a gradient (from high to low)

Answer 51

Passive

Question 52

In ___ conditions, the overall concentration of solutes equals that of the cell.

Answer 52

Isotonic

Question 53

In ___ conditions, the overall concentration of solutes is lower outside of the cell.

Answer 53

Hypotonic

Question 54

In ___ conditions, the overall concentration of solutes is higher outside of the cell.

Answer 54

Hypertonic

Question 55

Bacterial genome consists of the following two components.

Answer 55

Chromosome; Plasmids

Question 56

This is single, circular double stranded DNA that accounts for 20% of a cell's volume

Answer 56

Chromosome

Question 57

This is extra chromosomal DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome, and can be helpful for a bacterial cell.

Answer 57

Plasmid

Question 58

___ is when a plasmid is transferred from one bacteria to another.

Answer 58

Conjugation

Question 59

These are common to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and are the site of protein synthesis

Answer 59

Ribosomes

Question 60

Ribosomes have 2 subunits which contain ___ and ___. They bind to ___ and synthesize proteins.

Answer 60

protein; rRNA; mRNA

Question 61

These are resting structures formed by some bacteria when stressed. They are non-reproductive and very durable.

Answer 61

Endospores

Question 62

Germination/exporulation is when ________.

Answer 62

an endospore is returned to its normal state cell form, normal state.

Question 63

Cell walls of eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes how?

Answer 63

No peptidoglycan

Question 64

How big are eukaryotes?

Answer 64

10-100 microns

Question 65

How do eukaryotic cells usually reproduce?

Answer 65

They divide by mitosis

Question 66

Algae, fungi, and protozoa, animal and plant cells are all ___.

Answer 66

Eukaryotes

Question 67

Endosymbiotic theory states that prokaryotic cells evolved into what, relative to eukaryotes?

Answer 67

Organelles of eukaryotic cells came from engulfed prokaryotic cells

Question 68

Eukaryotic cells have cilia that are short flagella with a __+__ arrangement. They are usually more ___ than flagella.

Answer 68

cilia; 9+2 arrangment; more cilia than flagella

Question 69

How is an eukaryotic glycocalyx different from that of a bacterial glycocalyx?

Answer 69

Usually more structured than the bacterial one; contains fibers

Question 70

This eukaryotic nucleus structure is the region of RNA concentration and where rRNA gets synthesized.

Answer 70

Nucleolus

Question 71

This eukaryotic nucleus structure is where the DNA is located.

Answer 71

Chromatic

Question 72

This eukaryotic nucleus structure is the passageway for mRNA to get out

Answer 72

Nuclear pores

Question 73

This eukaryotic nucleus structure is the membrane that encloses the nucleus

Answer 73

Nuclear envelope

Question 74

Why is rough endoplasmic reticulum rough?

Answer 74

The ribosomes on it

Question 75

This is the FedEx portion of the eukaryotic cell, the packaging and processing plant.

Answer 75

Golgi

Question 76

This portion of the eukaryotic cell originates from the Golgi, and contains digestive enzymes to help digest food and old cell debris

Answer 76

Lysosomes

Question 77

___ generates energy for the eukaryotic cell, and has an outer membrane, and an inner membrane (called a ___).

Answer 77

Mitochodria; cristae

Question 78

___ are energy generators unique to plant cells, and they are ___ in nature.

Answer 78

Chloroplasts; photosynthetic

Question 79

___ is the term for fungal pathogenic disease

Answer 79

Mycosis

Question 80

Even though algae is rarely pathogenic, the primary medical threat is from ___.

Answer 80

Neurotoxins

Question 81

This is the name of the active form of protozoa

Answer 81

Trophozoite

Question 82

This is the name of the inactive, very hardy form of protozoa

Answer 82

Cyst

Question 83

Flukes, tapeworms, hook worms, pin worms, and round worms are examples of ___ ___

Answer 83

Pathogenic helminths

Question 84

The size of viruses range between ___ and ___.

Answer 84

20 nm - 350 nm

Question 85

All viruses have a ___ layer, but some have ___ as the outermost layer.

Answer 85

Capsid; Envelope

Question 86

A viral genome can consist of ___ or ___ (viruses are the only thing among life that can have ___ as a genome)

Answer 86

DNA; RNA (RNA)

Question 87

A virus icosahedral shape is very stable, and consists of ___ faces.

Answer 87

20

Question 88

___ can have single stranded or double stranded genomes, and are among the only living thing that can have a single stranded genome.

Answer 88

Viruses

Question 89

Humans have about ____ genes, E. coli has about ___ genes, viruses has about ___ genes.

Answer 89

Humans 20,000-25,000 E. coli 5,000 Viruses 3-250

Question 90

The capsid of a virus is made of viral capsid proteins, known as ___.

Answer 90

capsomeres

Question 91

True/False: A virus can replicate itself.

Answer 91

FALSE. A virus CANNOT replicate itself. It must invade a host cell and takeover the host's metabolic machinery to produce replications of itself

Question 92

This is when a virus is "eaten" by a cell; uptake occurs in a vacuole and exists in a host-membrane bound vesicle.

Answer 92

Endocytosis

Question 93

This is when a virus blends into the plasma membrane of a host; "like dissolves like"; there is no vesicle.

Answer 93

Fusion

Question 94

In viral DNA replication, the DNA gets transcribed inside the nucleus into ____ (just like host DNA), which them gets shipped out to the ER To be translated by ribosomes.

Answer 94

mRNA

Question 95

(-) RNA is ___ (ready/not ready) to be transcribed. What happens next?

Answer 95

(-) RNA is NOT ready to be transcribed. It becomes a template to me a (+) RNA strand (reverse and complemented). The new (+) strand gets translated by ribosomes.

Question 96

(+) RNA is ___ (ready/not ready) to be transcribed. What happens next?

Answer 96

(+) is READY to be transcribed. The (+) strand is translated by the ribosomes.

Question 97

Retroviruses (like HIV) are unique in that they use a viral enzyme, known as ___, to use RNA as a template to go backwards and make ___.

Answer 97

Reverse transcriptase; DNA

Question 98

___ viral infections take a few days to incubate

Answer 98

Acute

Question 99

___ viral infections last forever

Answer 99

Persistent

Question 100

___ viral infections are ones that will resurface over and over

Answer 100

Recurrent

Question 101

___ viral infections inserts itself onto genetic chromosomes

Answer 101

Latent

Question 102

___ viral infections are cancer causing

Answer 102

Oncogenic