Exam I: Intro to Micro, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses Flashcards
Bacteria are ___ organisms, with no nucleus.
Prokaryotic
The cell wall of bacteria are comprised of ___ and ___.
Peptidoglygan and carbohydrates
___ are the weird suckers, having components of both ___ and ___, but are technically classified as ___.
Archaea; prokaryotes and eukaryotes, technically prokaryotic
Archaea have no ___ and no ___
peptidoglycan, nucleus
These eukaryotes are both unicellular and multicellular
Fungi
These organisms live in high salt environments
Halophiles
These organisms live in high temperature environments, such as Yellowstone’s Hot Springs
Thermophiles
Fungi are ___ organisms
Eukaryotic
Yeasts are an example of ___ fungal organisms
Unicellular
Mushrooms and molds are an example of ___ fungal organisms
Multicellular
True/False: Archaea are not really disease causing in humans
True. Archaea are not really disease causing in humans
These unicellular eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, and also have the ability to move in the environment
Protozoa
Viruses can only be seen with an electron microscope, since their size is only about _____
10-300 nm
Viruses mature into ___
VIrions
___ discovered the cell, by using a crude microscope to observe ___
Robert Hooke; dried cork wood
___ invented the microscope and observed the first microbes, by looking at pond water. He termed these organisms ___
Antoni von Leeuwenhoek; animalcules
___ began to dispell abiogenesis using an experiment with meat in jars
Francesco Redi
Abiogenesis is ___
spontaneous generation
___ created the smallpox vaccine, by using ___ to protect against it
Edward Jenner; cowpox
___ introduced ___’s Postulates, where microbes were harvested from dead animals and _________.
Robert Koch; Koch’s postulates; grown in pure culture and used to infect a healthy animal
___ finally dispelled abiogenesis by using growth of organisms in swan-necked flasks filled with broth.
Louis Pasteur
In microbiology nomenclature, the ___ is capitalized and the ___ begins with lower case
Genus; Species
___ and ___ observed mortality related to mothers giving birth in hospital vs. home, and developed initial ___ techniques, using crude/harsh chemicals.
Ignaz Sammelweis and Joseph Lister; aseptic technique
___ found that salvarsan, an arsenic-containing compound, could treat ___. (First described chemotherapy)
Paul Ehrlich; syphilis
___ found that mold growing on his petri dish was inhibiting the growth of bacteria around it, leading to the discovery of ___
Alexander Flemming; Penicillin
Agar is made from ___
Algae
This coccoid arrangement appears in pairs after division.
Diplococcus
This coccoid arrangement appears in n end to end division
Chains
This coccoid arrangement appears like a bunch of grapes.
Clusters
This coccoid arrangement appears in groups of 4.
Tetrads
Most bacilli appear as _____
Single rods
These bacilli arrangements appear as pairs
Diplobacilli
These bacilli arrangements look like really short rods in pairs, with an oval shape
Coccobacilli
These spiral organisms are shaped like curved rods kind of look like boomerangs
Vibrios
These spiral organisms are shaped in a helical (corkscrew), rigid manner
Spirilla
These spiral organisms are shaped in a helical, flexible manner
Spirochetes
The glycocalyx is also known as ___ or ___
capsule; slime layer
How does the slime layer protect a pathogen from being taken up by a host defense?
It’s very slippery
How does the capsule help protect a pathogen from the environment drying, chemicals, etc)?
Adherence
Flagellum are used for ___ and ___
Motility; Binding to cells and substrates
Flagella consist of the following parts: ___, ___, and ___
Hook, Filament, Basal body
Like striping on a candy cane, axial filaments are unique to ___ ___ ___.
Spiral shaped bacteria
Movement towards or away from a stimulus based on chemicals is called ___.
Chemotaxis
Movement toward or away from a stimulus based on light is called ___.
Phototaxis
These short, thin appendages are seen with Gram (-) and some Gram (+) organisms
Fimbriae
___ are used for cell to cell conjugation, which is a method of ____________.
Sex pili; transferring DNA to another bacterial cell
This is composed of NAG, NAM, and polypeptides
Peptidoglycan
This cell has a wall composed of a thick peptidoglycan layer around the cell membrane
Gram positive cell
This cell has a wall composted of a thin peptidoglycan layer sandwiched between two cell membranes
Gram negative cell
___ transport requires ATP and can go against a concentration gradient
Active transport
___ transport does not require ATP and goes with a gradient (from high to low)
Passive
In ___ conditions, the overall concentration of solutes equals that of the cell.
Isotonic
In ___ conditions, the overall concentration of solutes is lower outside of the cell.
Hypotonic
In ___ conditions, the overall concentration of solutes is higher outside of the cell.
Hypertonic
Bacterial genome consists of the following two components.
Chromosome; Plasmids
This is single, circular double stranded DNA that accounts for 20% of a cell’s volume
Chromosome
This is extra chromosomal DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome, and can be helpful for a bacterial cell.
Plasmid
___ is when a plasmid is transferred from one bacteria to another.
Conjugation
These are common to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and are the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Ribosomes have 2 subunits which contain ___ and ___. They bind to ___ and synthesize proteins.
protein; rRNA; mRNA
These are resting structures formed by some bacteria when stressed. They are non-reproductive and very durable.
Endospores
Germination/exporulation is when ________.
an endospore is returned to its normal state cell form, normal state.
Cell walls of eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes how?
No peptidoglycan
How big are eukaryotes?
10-100 microns
How do eukaryotic cells usually reproduce?
They divide by mitosis
Algae, fungi, and protozoa, animal and plant cells are all ___.
Eukaryotes
Endosymbiotic theory states that prokaryotic cells evolved into what, relative to eukaryotes?
Organelles of eukaryotic cells came from engulfed prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells have cilia that are short flagella with a __+__ arrangement. They are usually more ___ than flagella.
cilia; 9+2 arrangment; more cilia than flagella
How is an eukaryotic glycocalyx different from that of a bacterial glycocalyx?
Usually more structured than the bacterial one; contains fibers
This eukaryotic nucleus structure is the region of RNA concentration and where rRNA gets synthesized.
Nucleolus
This eukaryotic nucleus structure is where the DNA is located.
Chromatic
This eukaryotic nucleus structure is the passageway for mRNA to get out
Nuclear pores
This eukaryotic nucleus structure is the membrane that encloses the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Why is rough endoplasmic reticulum rough?
The ribosomes on it
This is the FedEx portion of the eukaryotic cell, the packaging and processing plant.
Golgi
This portion of the eukaryotic cell originates from the Golgi, and contains digestive enzymes to help digest food and old cell debris
Lysosomes
___ generates energy for the eukaryotic cell, and has an outer membrane, and an inner membrane (called a ___).
Mitochodria; cristae
___ are energy generators unique to plant cells, and they are ___ in nature.
Chloroplasts; photosynthetic
___ is the term for fungal pathogenic disease
Mycosis
Even though algae is rarely pathogenic, the primary medical threat is from ___.
Neurotoxins
This is the name of the active form of protozoa
Trophozoite
This is the name of the inactive, very hardy form of protozoa
Cyst
Flukes, tapeworms, hook worms, pin worms, and round worms are examples of ___ ___
Pathogenic helminths
The size of viruses range between ___ and ___.
20 nm - 350 nm
All viruses have a ___ layer, but some have ___ as the outermost layer.
Capsid; Envelope
A viral genome can consist of ___ or ___ (viruses are the only thing among life that can have ___ as a genome)
DNA; RNA (RNA)
A virus icosahedral shape is very stable, and consists of ___ faces.
20
___ can have single stranded or double stranded genomes, and are among the only living thing that can have a single stranded genome.
Viruses
Humans have about ____ genes, E. coli has about ___ genes, viruses has about ___ genes.
Humans 20,000-25,000
E. coli 5,000
Viruses 3-250
The capsid of a virus is made of viral capsid proteins, known as ___.
capsomeres
True/False: A virus can replicate itself.
FALSE. A virus CANNOT replicate itself. It must invade a host cell and takeover the host’s metabolic machinery to produce replications of itself
This is when a virus is “eaten” by a cell; uptake occurs in a vacuole and exists in a host-membrane bound vesicle.
Endocytosis
This is when a virus blends into the plasma membrane of a host; “like dissolves like”; there is no vesicle.
Fusion
In viral DNA replication, the DNA gets transcribed inside the nucleus into ____ (just like host DNA), which them gets shipped out to the ER To be translated by ribosomes.
mRNA
(-) RNA is ___ (ready/not ready) to be transcribed. What happens next?
(-) RNA is NOT ready to be transcribed. It becomes a template to me a (+) RNA strand (reverse and complemented). The new (+) strand gets translated by ribosomes.
(+) RNA is ___ (ready/not ready) to be transcribed. What happens next?
(+) is READY to be transcribed. The (+) strand is translated by the ribosomes.
Retroviruses (like HIV) are unique in that they use a viral enzyme, known as ___, to use RNA as a template to go backwards and make ___.
Reverse transcriptase; DNA
___ viral infections take a few days to incubate
Acute
___ viral infections last forever
Persistent
___ viral infections are ones that will resurface over and over
Recurrent
___ viral infections inserts itself onto genetic chromosomes
Latent
___ viral infections are cancer causing
Oncogenic
