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Microbiology 101 > Exam I: Intro to Micro, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses > Flashcards

Exam I: Intro to Micro, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacteria are ___ organisms, with no nucleus.

A

Prokaryotic

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2
Q

The cell wall of bacteria are comprised of ___ and ___.

A

Peptidoglygan and carbohydrates

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3
Q

___ are the weird suckers, having components of both ___ and ___, but are technically classified as ___.

A

Archaea; prokaryotes and eukaryotes, technically prokaryotic

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4
Q

Archaea have no ___ and no ___

A

peptidoglycan, nucleus

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5
Q

These eukaryotes are both unicellular and multicellular

A

Fungi

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6
Q

These organisms live in high salt environments

A

Halophiles

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7
Q

These organisms live in high temperature environments, such as Yellowstone’s Hot Springs

A

Thermophiles

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8
Q

Fungi are ___ organisms

A

Eukaryotic

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9
Q

Yeasts are an example of ___ fungal organisms

A

Unicellular

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10
Q

Mushrooms and molds are an example of ___ fungal organisms

A

Multicellular

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11
Q

True/False: Archaea are not really disease causing in humans

A

True. Archaea are not really disease causing in humans

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12
Q

These unicellular eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, and also have the ability to move in the environment

A

Protozoa

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13
Q

Viruses can only be seen with an electron microscope, since their size is only about _____

A

10-300 nm

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14
Q

Viruses mature into ___

A

VIrions

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15
Q

___ discovered the cell, by using a crude microscope to observe ___

A

Robert Hooke; dried cork wood

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16
Q

___ invented the microscope and observed the first microbes, by looking at pond water. He termed these organisms ___

A

Antoni von Leeuwenhoek; animalcules

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17
Q

___ began to dispell abiogenesis using an experiment with meat in jars

A

Francesco Redi

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18
Q

Abiogenesis is ___

A

spontaneous generation

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19
Q

___ created the smallpox vaccine, by using ___ to protect against it

A

Edward Jenner; cowpox

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20
Q

___ introduced ___’s Postulates, where microbes were harvested from dead animals and _________.

A

Robert Koch; Koch’s postulates; grown in pure culture and used to infect a healthy animal

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21
Q

___ finally dispelled abiogenesis by using growth of organisms in swan-necked flasks filled with broth.

A

Louis Pasteur

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22
Q

In microbiology nomenclature, the ___ is capitalized and the ___ begins with lower case

A

Genus; Species

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23
Q

___ and ___ observed mortality related to mothers giving birth in hospital vs. home, and developed initial ___ techniques, using crude/harsh chemicals.

A

Ignaz Sammelweis and Joseph Lister; aseptic technique

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24
Q

___ found that salvarsan, an arsenic-containing compound, could treat ___. (First described chemotherapy)

A

Paul Ehrlich; syphilis

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25
Q

___ found that mold growing on his petri dish was inhibiting the growth of bacteria around it, leading to the discovery of ___

A

Alexander Flemming; Penicillin

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26
Q

Agar is made from ___

A

Algae

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27
Q

This coccoid arrangement appears in pairs after division.

A

Diplococcus

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28
Q

This coccoid arrangement appears in n end to end division

A

Chains

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29
Q

This coccoid arrangement appears like a bunch of grapes.

A

Clusters

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30
Q

This coccoid arrangement appears in groups of 4.

A

Tetrads

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31
Q

Most bacilli appear as _____

A

Single rods

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32
Q

These bacilli arrangements appear as pairs

A

Diplobacilli

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33
Q

These bacilli arrangements look like really short rods in pairs, with an oval shape

A

Coccobacilli

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34
Q

These spiral organisms are shaped like curved rods kind of look like boomerangs

A

Vibrios

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35
Q

These spiral organisms are shaped in a helical (corkscrew), rigid manner

A

Spirilla

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36
Q

These spiral organisms are shaped in a helical, flexible manner

A

Spirochetes

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37
Q

The glycocalyx is also known as ___ or ___

A

capsule; slime layer

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38
Q

How does the slime layer protect a pathogen from being taken up by a host defense?

A

It’s very slippery

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39
Q

How does the capsule help protect a pathogen from the environment drying, chemicals, etc)?

A

Adherence

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40
Q

Flagellum are used for ___ and ___

A

Motility; Binding to cells and substrates

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41
Q

Flagella consist of the following parts: ___, ___, and ___

A

Hook, Filament, Basal body

42
Q

Like striping on a candy cane, axial filaments are unique to ___ ___ ___.

A

Spiral shaped bacteria

43
Q

Movement towards or away from a stimulus based on chemicals is called ___.

A

Chemotaxis

44
Q

Movement toward or away from a stimulus based on light is called ___.

A

Phototaxis

45
Q

These short, thin appendages are seen with Gram (-) and some Gram (+) organisms

A

Fimbriae

46
Q

___ are used for cell to cell conjugation, which is a method of ____________.

A

Sex pili; transferring DNA to another bacterial cell

47
Q

This is composed of NAG, NAM, and polypeptides

A

Peptidoglycan

48
Q

This cell has a wall composed of a thick peptidoglycan layer around the cell membrane

A

Gram positive cell

49
Q

This cell has a wall composted of a thin peptidoglycan layer sandwiched between two cell membranes

A

Gram negative cell

50
Q

___ transport requires ATP and can go against a concentration gradient

A

Active transport

51
Q

___ transport does not require ATP and goes with a gradient (from high to low)

A

Passive

52
Q

In ___ conditions, the overall concentration of solutes equals that of the cell.

A

Isotonic

53
Q

In ___ conditions, the overall concentration of solutes is lower outside of the cell.

A

Hypotonic

54
Q

In ___ conditions, the overall concentration of solutes is higher outside of the cell.

A

Hypertonic

55
Q

Bacterial genome consists of the following two components.

A

Chromosome; Plasmids

56
Q

This is single, circular double stranded DNA that accounts for 20% of a cell’s volume

A

Chromosome

57
Q

This is extra chromosomal DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome, and can be helpful for a bacterial cell.

A

Plasmid

58
Q

___ is when a plasmid is transferred from one bacteria to another.

A

Conjugation

59
Q

These are common to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and are the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

60
Q

Ribosomes have 2 subunits which contain ___ and ___. They bind to ___ and synthesize proteins.

A

protein; rRNA; mRNA

61
Q

These are resting structures formed by some bacteria when stressed. They are non-reproductive and very durable.

A

Endospores

62
Q

Germination/exporulation is when ________.

A

an endospore is returned to its normal state cell form, normal state.

63
Q

Cell walls of eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes how?

A

No peptidoglycan

64
Q

How big are eukaryotes?

A

10-100 microns

65
Q

How do eukaryotic cells usually reproduce?

A

They divide by mitosis

66
Q

Algae, fungi, and protozoa, animal and plant cells are all ___.

A

Eukaryotes

67
Q

Endosymbiotic theory states that prokaryotic cells evolved into what, relative to eukaryotes?

A

Organelles of eukaryotic cells came from engulfed prokaryotic cells

68
Q

Eukaryotic cells have cilia that are short flagella with a __+__ arrangement. They are usually more ___ than flagella.

A

cilia; 9+2 arrangment; more cilia than flagella

69
Q

How is an eukaryotic glycocalyx different from that of a bacterial glycocalyx?

A

Usually more structured than the bacterial one; contains fibers

70
Q

This eukaryotic nucleus structure is the region of RNA concentration and where rRNA gets synthesized.

A

Nucleolus

71
Q

This eukaryotic nucleus structure is where the DNA is located.

A

Chromatic

72
Q

This eukaryotic nucleus structure is the passageway for mRNA to get out

A

Nuclear pores

73
Q

This eukaryotic nucleus structure is the membrane that encloses the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

74
Q

Why is rough endoplasmic reticulum rough?

A

The ribosomes on it

75
Q

This is the FedEx portion of the eukaryotic cell, the packaging and processing plant.

A

Golgi

76
Q

This portion of the eukaryotic cell originates from the Golgi, and contains digestive enzymes to help digest food and old cell debris

A

Lysosomes

77
Q

___ generates energy for the eukaryotic cell, and has an outer membrane, and an inner membrane (called a ___).

A

Mitochodria; cristae

78
Q

___ are energy generators unique to plant cells, and they are ___ in nature.

A

Chloroplasts; photosynthetic

79
Q

___ is the term for fungal pathogenic disease

A

Mycosis

80
Q

Even though algae is rarely pathogenic, the primary medical threat is from ___.

A

Neurotoxins

81
Q

This is the name of the active form of protozoa

A

Trophozoite

82
Q

This is the name of the inactive, very hardy form of protozoa

A

Cyst

83
Q

Flukes, tapeworms, hook worms, pin worms, and round worms are examples of ___ ___

A

Pathogenic helminths

84
Q

The size of viruses range between ___ and ___.

A

20 nm - 350 nm

85
Q

All viruses have a ___ layer, but some have ___ as the outermost layer.

A

Capsid; Envelope

86
Q

A viral genome can consist of ___ or ___ (viruses are the only thing among life that can have ___ as a genome)

A

DNA; RNA (RNA)

87
Q

A virus icosahedral shape is very stable, and consists of ___ faces.

A

20

88
Q

___ can have single stranded or double stranded genomes, and are among the only living thing that can have a single stranded genome.

A

Viruses

89
Q

Humans have about ____ genes, E. coli has about ___ genes, viruses has about ___ genes.

A

Humans 20,000-25,000
E. coli 5,000
Viruses 3-250

90
Q

The capsid of a virus is made of viral capsid proteins, known as ___.

A

capsomeres

91
Q

True/False: A virus can replicate itself.

A

FALSE. A virus CANNOT replicate itself. It must invade a host cell and takeover the host’s metabolic machinery to produce replications of itself

92
Q

This is when a virus is “eaten” by a cell; uptake occurs in a vacuole and exists in a host-membrane bound vesicle.

A

Endocytosis

93
Q

This is when a virus blends into the plasma membrane of a host; “like dissolves like”; there is no vesicle.

A

Fusion

94
Q

In viral DNA replication, the DNA gets transcribed inside the nucleus into ____ (just like host DNA), which them gets shipped out to the ER To be translated by ribosomes.

A

mRNA

95
Q

(-) RNA is ___ (ready/not ready) to be transcribed. What happens next?

A

(-) RNA is NOT ready to be transcribed. It becomes a template to me a (+) RNA strand (reverse and complemented). The new (+) strand gets translated by ribosomes.

96
Q

(+) RNA is ___ (ready/not ready) to be transcribed. What happens next?

A

(+) is READY to be transcribed. The (+) strand is translated by the ribosomes.

97
Q

Retroviruses (like HIV) are unique in that they use a viral enzyme, known as ___, to use RNA as a template to go backwards and make ___.

A

Reverse transcriptase; DNA

98
Q

___ viral infections take a few days to incubate

A

Acute

99
Q

___ viral infections last forever

A

Persistent

100
Q

___ viral infections are ones that will resurface over and over

A

Recurrent

101
Q

___ viral infections inserts itself onto genetic chromosomes

A

Latent

102
Q

___ viral infections are cancer causing

A

Oncogenic

Microbiology 101 (10 decks)

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