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Microbiology 101 > Exam II: Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Exam II: Microbial Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the effects of mitosis and meiosis in regards to microbe growth?

A

There is no mitosis or meiosis involved in microbe growth

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2
Q

Why is it important to understand microbial growth? (2 reasons)

A

Infection control

Growth of industrial/biotech organisms

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3
Q

What is an example of why it would be beneficial to grow industrial/biotech organisms?

A

Antibiotics

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4
Q

What 3 chemical requirements must be present for microbial growth?

A

Water
Elements (CHOPSN)
Trace elements

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5
Q

Why are trace elements important for microbial growth?

A

They influence enzymatic activity for growth to occur

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6
Q

What are additional growth requirements for more complex (festidious) organisms (in addition to the basic 3)?

A

Source of energy (glucose)
Vitamins (coenzymes)
Some amino acids (purines, pyrimidines)

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7
Q

What is the name of an organism that is a “self feeder” for its carbon source?

A

Autotroph

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8
Q

What is the name of an organism that is an “other feeder” for its carbon source?

A

Heterotroph

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9
Q

Where do autotrophs get their carbon from? What are they also known as>

A

Gets carbon from CO2. “Carbon fixers”

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10
Q

What are 2 types of organisms in relation to what their energy source is?

A

Phototroph

Chemotroph

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11
Q

Where do phototrophs get their energy from?

A

Sunlight

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12
Q

Where do chemotrophs get their energy from?

A

Any other organic source

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13
Q

What is the odd one out (think: Deep Sea!)

Where do they get their carbon and energy from?

A

Lithotrophs

Carbon and energy are both from inorganic molecules (eg. sulfur vents)

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14
Q

What type of organism is a decomposer, feeding off dead organisms?

A

Saprobe

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15
Q

What type of organism is a pathogen, living off of a living host?

A

Parasite

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16
Q

What action do water molecules always have on solutes?

A

Water is always trying to dilute solutes. Water goes where solutes are higher.

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17
Q

What type of circumstance demonstrates no water movement (same solutes inside and outside)

A

Isotonic

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18
Q

What type of circumstance demonstrates a solution where there are more solutes outside the cell?

A

Hypertonic

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19
Q

What type of circumstance demonstrates a solution where there are less solutes outside of the cell?

A

Hypotonic

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20
Q

What occurs with the cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

The cell bursts (Water enters the cell)

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21
Q

What occurs with the cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

The cell shrivels (Water leaving the cell)

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22
Q

Which two forms of molecule movement (nutrients and substances) require NO energy?

A

Passive diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

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23
Q

How does active transport work?

A

Requires energy. Gradient low to high.

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24
Q

Which type of molecular movement uses a concentration gradient to go from high to low, and sometimes uses a protein gate?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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25
Q

What type of molecular movement uses osmosis, with a concentration gradient from high to low.

A

Passive diffusion

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26
Q

What type of molecular movement happens as a result of change in chemical makeup, causing lower to go to higher?

A

Group translocation

27
Q

What type of molecular movement is used for larger molecules, liquids, or solids?

A

Bulk transport

28
Q

Endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis are examples of what action of molecular movement?

A

Bulk transport

29
Q

Which organisms are cold loving?

A

Psycrophiles

30
Q

What organisms are heat loving? What is a general minimum temperature requirement for this organism?

A

Thermophiles. 55’C+

31
Q

What organisms are moderate temperature loving, and most common to humans? What is their optimum growth temp?

A

Mesophiles. 37’C

32
Q

What happens when the temperature increases above the maximum temp for the organism?

A

Death occurs due to enzyme inactivation

33
Q

What temperature slows or stops growth for most organisms?

A

40’F (5’C)

34
Q

What is the term when something must have something

A

Obligate

35
Q

What type of organism requires O2?

A

Obligate aerobes

36
Q

What type of organism can use 02, but can also grow without it?

A

Facultative anaerobes

37
Q

What type of organism cannot tolerate O2, and will die in its presence?

A

Obligate anaerobes

38
Q

What type of organism does not use O2, but can still grow when it is present (different from facultative anaerobes)?

A

Aerotolerant

39
Q

What type of organism requires O2, but will only grow in concentrations lower than atmospheric levels?

A

Microaerophiles

40
Q

What type of organism prefers higher CO2 concentrations (5-10%)? Where is it common to find these organisms?

A

Capnophiles. Commonly found in mouth (from exhalation of CO2)

41
Q

What is the name of the lab substance that is specially formulated to have an O2 gradient in the test tube which it is being used in?

A

Thioglycolate broth

42
Q

How does a Brewer’s Jar work in a lab?

A

Gas pack causes H2O–>H2 + CO2.

Takes all CO2 out of the environment (creates anaerobic environment)

43
Q

How does a Candle Jar work in a lab?

A

Creates a microaerophilic and capnophilic environment. Candle burns most of the O2, leaving a high CO2, low O2 environment.

44
Q

What pH do most bacteria prefer to live in?

A

6.5 - 7.5 (similar to humans)

45
Q

What type of conditions are a good preservative for pickles, sauerkraut, and cheeses, and what is the general pH in these conditions? What types of organisms can live there?

A

Acidic
<4 pH
Acidophiles

46
Q

What is an example of an organism that can survive the low pH of the stomach (appx pH=1)? What is a common health effect of this organism?

A

Helicobacter pylori

Chronic ulcers

47
Q

What is a term for a close nutritional relationship in regards to organisms?

A

Symbiotic

48
Q

What kind of ecological association exists when one organism benefits without harm to the other, such as with a clown fish protected by a sea anemone?

A

Commensalism

49
Q

What kind of ecological association exists when both organisms benefit from each other, such as with lithotrophic organisms in the digestive tracts of tube worms, which convert chemicals into sugar/nutrients for the benefit of both organisms?

A

Mutualism

50
Q

What kind of ecological association exists when a host is harmed, while the organism benefits? What is a common example of such a relationship?

A

Parasitism. Ticks

51
Q

What is the primary method that bacteria use to divide?

A

Binary fission

52
Q

In what phase of growth are new enzymes being made in response to a new medium?

A

Lag phase

53
Q

In what phase of growth is where exponential growth occurs, and is desired for the production of products?

A

Log phase

54
Q

In what phase of growth when no nutrients are added, therefore nutrients are limited and waste products are becoming toxic?

A

Stationary phase

55
Q

In which phase does death exceed division?

A

Death phase

56
Q

Which phase would occur if a sample were to be left in an incubator with no added nutrients?

A

Stationary phase

57
Q

In which phase is an organism most sensitive to drugs or radiation?

A

Log phase

58
Q

A hemocytometer uses a ___ for measuring growth

A

Grid

59
Q

Plating uses ___ for measuring growth

A

Dilution of samples

60
Q

A hemocytometer and plating are examples of what kind of method for measuring?

A

Direct methods

61
Q

What method of measurement depends on the use of a spectrometer, and the passage of light through a substance?

A

Turbidity

62
Q

How are enzymatic activities used to measure growth in an organism?

A

Measures gas or protein output (indicates metabolic activity)

63
Q

Using a spectrometer to measure light passage, and using enzymatic activity measurement, are examples of what kind of method for measuring?

A

Indirect methods

Microbiology 101 (10 decks)

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