Exam FINAL: Immunity (Innate, Humoral, Cellular, Clinical) Flashcards
Non-specific components of immunity that act as either ___ or as ___ of a wide range of pathogens, irrespective of antigenic specificity
Barriers; Eliminators
Other components of the immune system ___ themselves to each new disease encountered and are able to generate ___ immunity.
Adapt; Pathogen-specific
This immune system organ houses immune cells, and is part of what system?.
Lymph nodes; Lymphatic system
This immune system organ filters pathogens in the blood
Spleen
This immune system organ is the site of T cell maturation.
Thymus
GALT is another lymphoid tissue, and it stands for..
Gut Association Lymphoid Tissue
This other lymphoid tissue is located in the intestines
Peyer’s patches
White blood cells are AKA…
Leukocytes
Plasma consists of these 3 substances.
Water, Proteins, Chemicals
What is the difference between blood serum and plasma?
Serum is the same as plasma, minus the clotting proteins
These are a series of blood proteins that can destroy pathogens
Complement
This kind of immunity is nonspecific and protects against all pathogens; Over-the-counter defenses
Innate immunity
This kind of immunity is specific and defends against specific pathogens; Prescription defenses
Adaptive immunity
This type of immunity is the first responders of the immune system, and they ramp up the system
Innate immunity
True/False: There is no immune memory for innate immunity; it works the same speed each time
True. Innate immunity works the same speed each time.
What is inflammation triggered by?
Tissue damage
The 4 components that must be present for inflammation are what?
Rubor (redness), Calor (warmth), Tumor (swelling), Dolor (pain)
The latin term for “redness”
Rubor
The latin term for “warmth”
Calor
The latin term for “swelling”
Tumor
The latin term for “pain”
Dolor
What causes rubor in inflammation?
Increased vascular permeability (more blood to area)
What causes calor in inflammation?
increase in blood
What causes tumor in inflammation?
Increased amount of fluids leaking into the tissue
What causes dolor in inflammation?
Stimulation of the nerve endings
These are what stimulate inflammation when bacteria invade an injury.
proinflammatory molecules
These professional gobblers are first on the scene in an inflamed injury.
Macrophages
These professional gobblers are second on the scene in an inflamed injury
Neutrophils
Macrophages and neutrophils gain access to the injury site by way of ___, when they squeeze through the blood vessel walls.
Diapedesis
Macrophages and neutrophils get to the injury easier when histamine causes ___, which does what to the injury site?
Vasodilation; more blood flows to the site
This is the term for “eating of cells”
phagocytosis
Where are neutrophils present in the highest numbers?
Blood
These are the “big eaters” that encounter pathogens first
Macrophages
Macrophages secrete this chemical substance, which triggers inflammation
Cytokines
These phagocytic membrane receptors bind commonly shared bacterial molecules
Pathogen recognition molecules
How do phagocyte recognition molecules work?
By chemical reactions; membrane receptors on phagocytes bind with commonly shared bacterial molecules
What action for the pro-inflammatory cytokines have?
They bring more immune cells
What do recognition molecules do?
They trigger WBC to act when chemical reaction occurs with receptors on outside of bacteria.
A phagocyte must bind pathogen to begin ___.
phagocytosis
Microbes with ___ are difficult to bind, therefore difficult to ___.
capsules;phagocytose
Phagocytosis is easier if the pathogen is coated with ___ or ___(__).
antibodies; complement (opsonins)
Macrophages produce chemokines to increase ___
inflammation
What does inflammation cause in capillaries?
Leads to capillary leakage
Neutrophils are aka ___
PMNs
PMNs are aka ___
neutrophils
What does inflammation cause in the WBCs?
It recruits more WBC
Inflammation attracts more ___
Phagocytes (PMNs)
What does inflammation cause relative to PMNs and capillary endothelium?
It increases adhesion molecules for PMNs on the capillary endothelium
What action does swelling in inflammation have on the venule?
It makes a leaky membrane, so that PMNscan enter through gaps (diapedesis) to get to the site of infection
___ is when PMN cells squeeze through interstitial spaces during the inflammation process
Diapedesis
What signals the adaptive immune system
Macrophages produce lymphokines
What happens to the fluid containing the pathogen?
It drains from the infection site into nearby lymph nodes
What do lymph nodes contain?
Specific B and T cells
What do lymphokines do to cause a fever?
Signal hypothalamus to increase body temperature
What do lymphokines signal the liver to do?
Produce opsonins that aid the phagocyte binding of the pathogen
What action do lymphokines have on the bone marrow?
Signal the bone marrow to release more PMNs (neutrophils)
This is the membrane bound vesicle that brings in the pathogen to the phagocyte
Phagosome
This is the part within the cell that are filled with digestive enzymes and toxic oxygen species, nasty things that you don’t want running amok in the cell
Lysosome
This is the part in the cell that is created when the phagosome and the lysosome connect, causing the death of the microbes
Phagolysosome
These are 2 plasma protein defense systems
Complement and Interferon
The 4 steps to complement classical pathway) are:
- Initiation
- Amplification and cascade
- Polymerization
- Membrane attack
This is the step where C1 binds antibodies attached to a bacterium
Initiation
This is the step where C1 activates other components , or “recruits its buddies”
Amplification and cascade
This is the step where more subunits come together and bind on the surface in a donut configuration
Polymerization
This is the step when the proteins insert themselves in the membrane, blasting holes into the bacteria’s membrance
Membrane attack
What are the 3 events that occur once complement is activated?
Killing of pathogens, Opsonization of pathogens, Recruitment of inflammatory cells
What is the mechanism of help for battling viruses?
Anti-viral Interferons (alpha and beta)
What does the infected cell do with the interferon that it makes?
It secretes it to other cells
What happens to the interferon that has been secreted out of the infected cell?
It is read by receptors on other cells (SOS!)
What 2 actions occur when cell receptors are stimulated by the interferon signals?
Other cells hide their receptors, and the cells start to make enzymes to destroy RNA and DNA
Which interferon is not antiviral? What does it do?
Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). It activates macrophages and neutrophils to kill bacteria
What cells are the circulating checkers, that patrol the cells for health?
Natural Killer Cells
NK cells can ____ cells that are infected, which then stimulates those cells to ___ (die)
recognize; apoptose
What activates macrophages and neutrophils to kill bacteria?
IFN-gamma
By what process are bacteria handled by neutrophils and macrophages?
Phagocytosis
What substance does macrophages release that stimulated inflammation?
Cytokines
What kind of immunity provides specific resistance to specific strains of pathogens?
Acquired/Adaptive immunity
What does adaptive immunity require in order to start?
Non-specific defenses need to be engaged
What is immune memory?
Relative to adaptive immunity, the ability to respond faster on repeat exposures to pathogens
Who is “self origin” referring to specifically?
Each individual person
Acquired immunity is broken down into what two types of immunity?
Natural immunity; Artificial immunity
This type of immunity is acquired through the normal life experiences of a human and is not induced through medical means.
Natural Immunity
This type of immunity is produced purposefully through medical procedures.
Artificial immunity
Colustrum in breastmilk is an example of what kind of natural, acquired immunity?
Passive immunity
Getting sick is an example of what kind of natural, acquired immunity?
Active immunity
Getting immunizations is an example of what kind of artificial, acquired immunity?
Active immunity
What is the term for anything that stimulates an immune response?
Antigens
True/False: Antigens are usually proteins or peptides.
True. Antigens are usually proteins or peptides
Antibodies are ____-shaped proteins on the surface of _____ that is secreted into the blood or ____ in response to _____
Y-shaped
B cells
lymph
antigenic stimulus
___ immunity is the consequence of a person developing his own response to a microbe.
Active
___ immunity is the consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person.
Passive
Antibodies are made by ___
hosts
Antibodies bind to ___
antigens
Each antigen has many ___ (antibody binding sites)
epitopes
What are epitopes? Where are they located?
A binding site for antibodies on antigens
True/False: Each antigen only has one type of epitope on it
False. Each antigen has several different epitopes
___ is where antibodies come from.
B cells
Where are B cells generated?
Bone Marrow
True/False: All immature B cells are genetic clones of each other
True. All immature B cells are genetic clones of each other.
What happens to B cells when they differentiate?
Gene segments in antibody reproduction area recombine to form unique variable regions
What does the V stand for in the Unique V Region?
variable
What happens to immature B cells that bind to “self” molecules
They die by apoptosis
Each B cell has a uniquely specific ___
Receptor
___ is also the B Cell antigen receptor
Antibody
Where are B cells with differing receptors randomly produced?
In the bone marrow
Immunoglobulin (Ig) is another term for ___
Antibody
This is the event that occurs when germ line DNA is spliced and recombined, ultimately changed to create a mature B cell
Somatic Recombination
What do macrophages and dendrites do to pathogens?
Engulf them
What happens to pathogens once they are engulfed by macrophages and dendrites?
They are brought in a phagosome, where they merge with a lysosome, forming a phagolysosome
What cells are APCs (Antigen Presenting Cells)?
Dendritic cells and Macrophages (Also B cells)
These are a group of cells whose job is to present antigen to the immune system.
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
What do APCs do to pathogens?
They degrade them into pieces
What do APCs do with the bits and pieces of pathogen?
They load them up onto MHC II receptors
What does MHC stand for?
Major histocompatibility complex
What are MHCs?
Protein receptors on the outside of cells?
Where are MHC I located?
All nucleated cells
Where are MHC II located?
APCs
What do MHC I present?
“self”
What do MHC II present?
antigens to immune system
What do APC loaded with antigen molecules come into contact with to form a bound receptor complex?
T helper cells (T-h)
What happens when APC and T-helper cells bind?
The T-helper (T-h) cell becomes activated
What happens to T-helper cells once activated?
They grow and divide (clone themselves!)
What do T-helper cells do in regards to B cells?
T-helper cells with similar receptors activate B cells
What 2 things will a B cell do once activated and grown?
Some become memory cells and some become plasma cells
What do most of the activated B cells become, and what is their function?
Become plasma cells, secreting copious amounts of antibodies
What do memory cells do?
An activated B cells that remains in an active state, but stops dividing over again. Will rapidly activate as needed.
What is the one overall function that antibodies do?
They stick to antigens
This downstream effect of antibodies clumps pathogens, making them easier to phagocytose
Agglutination
This downstream effect of antibodies blocks cell binding of pathogens and toxins
Neutralization
This downstream effect of antibodies coats pathogens for easy phagocytosis
Opsonization
This downstream effect of antibodies signal the killer cells to kill pathogens, when cells are too big to engulf or blow up
ADCC (Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)
In ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity), what do killer cells do to the parasite or pathogen to kill it?
They vomit up toxins onto the parasite/invader. Enzymes will help kill it.
This is the class of antibody that is small enough to cross the placenta, and is most abundant. It is found later in an infection.
IgG
This is the class of antibody that is also known as secretory (it is found in secretions). Acts as a dimer.
IgA
This is the class of antibody that is found early in infections, circulating in the blood. Acts as a pentamer.
IgM
This is the class of antibody that is most often a B cell receptor, found circulating in your blood
IgD
This is the class of antibody that is related to things going wrong (the allergy response!)
IgE
These are constructed cells, that are essentially immortal cells!
Monoclonal antibodies
How long to plasma cells last? Then what happens to them?
1-2 weeks; They fall apart
What 2 cell types are merged together to produce monoclonal antibodies?
Mouse spleen (producing antibodies) and myeloma cells (cancer cells)
When someone has antibodies to a pathogen, they are considered ___.
Seropositive
The amount of antibodies one has in their blood is their ___.
Titer
If your titer is high, how is your relative immunity?
Good immunity
What are 2 examples of how antibodies can be useful for quick diagnostics?
Rapid Strep Test
Pregnancy Test
What do neutralizing antibodies do to viruses and toxins?
They block hemagglutination of viruses, and they bind to toxins to prevent them from damaging cells
What is the cause of botulism?
Clostridium botulinum
What does botulism cause?
Paralysis of voluntary and involuntary muscles
What is the treatment for exposure of botulism?
Injection of horse antibody against the toxins
What is the cause of Tetnus?
Clostridium tetani
What does tetnus cause?
Muscle rigidity and spasms
What is a treatment for exposure to tetnus?
Injection of the human antibody to the toxin
CD8 receptor cells are ____ cells
Killer T-cells
CD4 receptor cells are ___ cells
Helper T-cells
APC cells present extracellular antigen on MHC ___ receptors, and bind with CD__ T cells
MHC II CD4 cells (helper T)
All cells present intracellular antigen on MHC ___ receptors, and bind with CD__ T cells
MHC I CD8 cells (killer T)
Where is MHC I located within a cell?
Inside the endoplasmic reticulum/plasma membrane of all nucleated cells
Where is MHC II located within an APC?
Inside the endoplasmic reticulum of APC (macrophages & dendrites)
This type of vaccine is made with dead virus. It ___ (will/will not) replicate or cause disease.
Killed virus
It will NOT cause disease
This type of vaccine uses a virus that can replicate in the host. It induces ___ cells and ___ to stimulate immunity.
Live attenuated vaccine
It induces Tc cells and antibodies
This type of vaccination is not safe for immunosuppressed people.
Live attenuated vaccine
What is done to live, attenuated vaccinations to make them safer to inject?
The virulence is eliminated or reduced in a lab.
True/False: Inactivated virus or bacterium vaccinations cannot replicate in a host
True. Inactivated virus or bacterium vaccinations cannot replicate in hosts.
Rabies and injectable influenza immunizations are examples of what kind of vaccination?
Inactivated virus or bacterium
What is done to pathogens to make an inactivated virus/bacterium vaccination?
Heat-killed/cooked
This type of vaccine is a safe method that generates antibodies, by only using parts of a pathogen
Subunit vaccine
Pertussis (acellular) and Pnumococcal pneumonia (capsule) are examples of what kind of vaccination?
Subunit vaccine
This vaccine is made with inactivated toxin molecules, and is a safe method of generating neutralizing antibodies
Toxoid vaccine
Diptheria and tetanus are examples of this type of vaccine.
Toxoid vaccine
This vaccine is made by taking a gene for the spiked protein surface, insert it into a plasmid, and this leads to immunity without having to give any live or killed virus
Recombinant vaccine
This vaccine is controversial and under development, but is made by using genes to code for some part of the organism, and injecting plasmid into the subject to create immunity (only used for WNV in horses)
DNA vaccine
___ are IgE (antibody) response to harmless antigens
Allergies
Type I Hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) involves ___ ___, with a reaction occuring within 30 minutes
Immediate hypersensitivity
Type 1 Hypersensitivity symptoms depend on these two factors.
Where allergen enters and how severe the immune response is
When allergens enter the body on first exposure, what is triggered?
Stimulates B cells to make IgE antibodies, which bind to mast cells
What happens on subsequent exposures to the allergen?
Allergen comes in body and binds to antibody binding sites on mast cells, which release histamine, leading to symptoms.
This is when inflammation occurs throughout circulation, potentially leading to death
Systemic anaphylaxis
True/False: Anaphylaxis reactions will occur in the same body systems and reactions in all allergic people
False. Anaphylaxis reactions vary by person.
How do steroids work in regards to controlling allergy symptoms?
Steroids suppress the immune response
How do allergy shots work in regards to controlling allergy symptoms?
The custom generated vaccinations induce IgG formation, which then binds all the allergen so it can’t reach the IgE on mast cells.
In a Type II hypersensitivity (cytotoxic), IgG/IgM antibodies bind RBC antigens. This activates complement, causing what action?
It lyses RBC. ADCC - macrophages or NK cells bind the antibody-coated RBC, killing them!
This kind of hypersensitivity is related to medication allergies, mismatched blood reactions, rheumatic fever, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
Type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity
What happens when a person has autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
The body attacks its own RBCs.
This type of hypersensitivity occurs when the immune system successfully releases antibodies to attack the antigens, but then the individual macrophages or neutrophils cannot consume the clumps up as they should, and the infection cannot be cleared.
Type III immune complex hypersensitivity
Lyme arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, and rheumatoid arthritis are examples of this kind of hypersensitivity response.
Type III Immune Complex Disease
In contact dermatitis, exposure to an antigen stimulates ___, which activates ___, which activates ___, and causes an inflammatory response.
Stimulates dendritic cells,
Activates Memory T-helper cells,
Activates macrophages
This is an immune response to a pathogen antigen generates antibodies and T cells that also bind self antigens (such as with the Coxsacie virus leading to insulin dependence)
Molecular mimicry
What disorder did David the Bubble Boy have?
SCID (Severe combined immunodeficiency disease)
What is SCID? What does it mean?
SCID (Severe combined immunodeficiency disease)
No T or B cells
