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Microbiology 101 > Exam FINAL: Immunity (Innate, Humoral, Cellular, Clinical) > Flashcards

Exam FINAL: Immunity (Innate, Humoral, Cellular, Clinical) Flashcards

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1
Q

Non-specific components of immunity that act as either ___ or as ___ of a wide range of pathogens, irrespective of antigenic specificity

A

Barriers; Eliminators

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2
Q

Other components of the immune system ___ themselves to each new disease encountered and are able to generate ___ immunity.

A

Adapt; Pathogen-specific

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3
Q

This immune system organ houses immune cells, and is part of what system?.

A

Lymph nodes; Lymphatic system

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4
Q

This immune system organ filters pathogens in the blood

A

Spleen

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5
Q

This immune system organ is the site of T cell maturation.

A

Thymus

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6
Q

GALT is another lymphoid tissue, and it stands for..

A

Gut Association Lymphoid Tissue

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7
Q

This other lymphoid tissue is located in the intestines

A

Peyer’s patches

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8
Q

White blood cells are AKA…

A

Leukocytes

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9
Q

Plasma consists of these 3 substances.

A

Water, Proteins, Chemicals

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10
Q

What is the difference between blood serum and plasma?

A

Serum is the same as plasma, minus the clotting proteins

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11
Q

These are a series of blood proteins that can destroy pathogens

A

Complement

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12
Q

This kind of immunity is nonspecific and protects against all pathogens; Over-the-counter defenses

A

Innate immunity

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13
Q

This kind of immunity is specific and defends against specific pathogens; Prescription defenses

A

Adaptive immunity

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14
Q

This type of immunity is the first responders of the immune system, and they ramp up the system

A

Innate immunity

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15
Q

True/False: There is no immune memory for innate immunity; it works the same speed each time

A

True. Innate immunity works the same speed each time.

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16
Q

What is inflammation triggered by?

A

Tissue damage

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17
Q

The 4 components that must be present for inflammation are what?

A

Rubor (redness), Calor (warmth), Tumor (swelling), Dolor (pain)

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18
Q

The latin term for “redness”

A

Rubor

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19
Q

The latin term for “warmth”

A

Calor

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20
Q

The latin term for “swelling”

A

Tumor

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21
Q

The latin term for “pain”

A

Dolor

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22
Q

What causes rubor in inflammation?

A

Increased vascular permeability (more blood to area)

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23
Q

What causes calor in inflammation?

A

increase in blood

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24
Q

What causes tumor in inflammation?

A

Increased amount of fluids leaking into the tissue

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25
Q

What causes dolor in inflammation?

A

Stimulation of the nerve endings

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26
Q

These are what stimulate inflammation when bacteria invade an injury.

A

proinflammatory molecules

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27
Q

These professional gobblers are first on the scene in an inflamed injury.

A

Macrophages

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28
Q

These professional gobblers are second on the scene in an inflamed injury

A

Neutrophils

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29
Q

Macrophages and neutrophils gain access to the injury site by way of ___, when they squeeze through the blood vessel walls.

A

Diapedesis

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30
Q

Macrophages and neutrophils get to the injury easier when histamine causes ___, which does what to the injury site?

A

Vasodilation; more blood flows to the site

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31
Q

This is the term for “eating of cells”

A

phagocytosis

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32
Q

Where are neutrophils present in the highest numbers?

A

Blood

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33
Q

These are the “big eaters” that encounter pathogens first

A

Macrophages

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34
Q

Macrophages secrete this chemical substance, which triggers inflammation

A

Cytokines

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35
Q

These phagocytic membrane receptors bind commonly shared bacterial molecules

A

Pathogen recognition molecules

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36
Q

How do phagocyte recognition molecules work?

A

By chemical reactions; membrane receptors on phagocytes bind with commonly shared bacterial molecules

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37
Q

What action for the pro-inflammatory cytokines have?

A

They bring more immune cells

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38
Q

What do recognition molecules do?

A

They trigger WBC to act when chemical reaction occurs with receptors on outside of bacteria.

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39
Q

A phagocyte must bind pathogen to begin ___.

A

phagocytosis

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40
Q

Microbes with ___ are difficult to bind, therefore difficult to ___.

A

capsules;phagocytose

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41
Q

Phagocytosis is easier if the pathogen is coated with ___ or ___(__).

A

antibodies; complement (opsonins)

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42
Q

Macrophages produce chemokines to increase ___

A

inflammation

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43
Q

What does inflammation cause in capillaries?

A

Leads to capillary leakage

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44
Q

Neutrophils are aka ___

A

PMNs

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45
Q

PMNs are aka ___

A

neutrophils

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46
Q

What does inflammation cause in the WBCs?

A

It recruits more WBC

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47
Q

Inflammation attracts more ___

A

Phagocytes (PMNs)

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48
Q

What does inflammation cause relative to PMNs and capillary endothelium?

A

It increases adhesion molecules for PMNs on the capillary endothelium

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49
Q

What action does swelling in inflammation have on the venule?

A

It makes a leaky membrane, so that PMNscan enter through gaps (diapedesis) to get to the site of infection

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50
Q

___ is when PMN cells squeeze through interstitial spaces during the inflammation process

A

Diapedesis

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51
Q

What signals the adaptive immune system

A

Macrophages produce lymphokines

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52
Q

What happens to the fluid containing the pathogen?

A

It drains from the infection site into nearby lymph nodes

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53
Q

What do lymph nodes contain?

A

Specific B and T cells

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54
Q

What do lymphokines do to cause a fever?

A

Signal hypothalamus to increase body temperature

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55
Q

What do lymphokines signal the liver to do?

A

Produce opsonins that aid the phagocyte binding of the pathogen

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56
Q

What action do lymphokines have on the bone marrow?

A

Signal the bone marrow to release more PMNs (neutrophils)

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57
Q

This is the membrane bound vesicle that brings in the pathogen to the phagocyte

A

Phagosome

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58
Q

This is the part within the cell that are filled with digestive enzymes and toxic oxygen species, nasty things that you don’t want running amok in the cell

A

Lysosome

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59
Q

This is the part in the cell that is created when the phagosome and the lysosome connect, causing the death of the microbes

A

Phagolysosome

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60
Q

These are 2 plasma protein defense systems

A

Complement and Interferon

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61
Q

The 4 steps to complement classical pathway) are:

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Amplification and cascade
  3. Polymerization
  4. Membrane attack
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62
Q

This is the step where C1 binds antibodies attached to a bacterium

A

Initiation

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63
Q

This is the step where C1 activates other components , or “recruits its buddies”

A

Amplification and cascade

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64
Q

This is the step where more subunits come together and bind on the surface in a donut configuration

A

Polymerization

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65
Q

This is the step when the proteins insert themselves in the membrane, blasting holes into the bacteria’s membrance

A

Membrane attack

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66
Q

What are the 3 events that occur once complement is activated?

A

Killing of pathogens, Opsonization of pathogens, Recruitment of inflammatory cells

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67
Q

What is the mechanism of help for battling viruses?

A

Anti-viral Interferons (alpha and beta)

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68
Q

What does the infected cell do with the interferon that it makes?

A

It secretes it to other cells

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69
Q

What happens to the interferon that has been secreted out of the infected cell?

A

It is read by receptors on other cells (SOS!)

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70
Q

What 2 actions occur when cell receptors are stimulated by the interferon signals?

A

Other cells hide their receptors, and the cells start to make enzymes to destroy RNA and DNA

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71
Q

Which interferon is not antiviral? What does it do?

A

Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). It activates macrophages and neutrophils to kill bacteria

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72
Q

What cells are the circulating checkers, that patrol the cells for health?

A

Natural Killer Cells

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73
Q

NK cells can ____ cells that are infected, which then stimulates those cells to ___ (die)

A

recognize; apoptose

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74
Q

What activates macrophages and neutrophils to kill bacteria?

A

IFN-gamma

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75
Q

By what process are bacteria handled by neutrophils and macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis

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76
Q

What substance does macrophages release that stimulated inflammation?

A

Cytokines

77
Q

What kind of immunity provides specific resistance to specific strains of pathogens?

A

Acquired/Adaptive immunity

78
Q

What does adaptive immunity require in order to start?

A

Non-specific defenses need to be engaged

79
Q

What is immune memory?

A

Relative to adaptive immunity, the ability to respond faster on repeat exposures to pathogens

80
Q

Who is “self origin” referring to specifically?

A

Each individual person

81
Q

Acquired immunity is broken down into what two types of immunity?

A

Natural immunity; Artificial immunity

82
Q

This type of immunity is acquired through the normal life experiences of a human and is not induced through medical means.

A

Natural Immunity

83
Q

This type of immunity is produced purposefully through medical procedures.

A

Artificial immunity

84
Q

Colustrum in breastmilk is an example of what kind of natural, acquired immunity?

A

Passive immunity

85
Q

Getting sick is an example of what kind of natural, acquired immunity?

A

Active immunity

86
Q

Getting immunizations is an example of what kind of artificial, acquired immunity?

A

Active immunity

87
Q

What is the term for anything that stimulates an immune response?

A

Antigens

88
Q

True/False: Antigens are usually proteins or peptides.

A

True. Antigens are usually proteins or peptides

89
Q

Antibodies are ____-shaped proteins on the surface of _____ that is secreted into the blood or ____ in response to _____

A

Y-shaped
B cells
lymph
antigenic stimulus

90
Q

___ immunity is the consequence of a person developing his own response to a microbe.

A

Active

91
Q

___ immunity is the consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person.

A

Passive

92
Q

Antibodies are made by ___

A

hosts

93
Q

Antibodies bind to ___

A

antigens

94
Q

Each antigen has many ___ (antibody binding sites)

A

epitopes

95
Q

What are epitopes? Where are they located?

A

A binding site for antibodies on antigens

96
Q

True/False: Each antigen only has one type of epitope on it

A

False. Each antigen has several different epitopes

97
Q

___ is where antibodies come from.

A

B cells

98
Q

Where are B cells generated?

A

Bone Marrow

99
Q

True/False: All immature B cells are genetic clones of each other

A

True. All immature B cells are genetic clones of each other.

100
Q

What happens to B cells when they differentiate?

A

Gene segments in antibody reproduction area recombine to form unique variable regions

101
Q

What does the V stand for in the Unique V Region?

A

variable

102
Q

What happens to immature B cells that bind to “self” molecules

A

They die by apoptosis

103
Q

Each B cell has a uniquely specific ___

A

Receptor

104
Q

___ is also the B Cell antigen receptor

A

Antibody

105
Q

Where are B cells with differing receptors randomly produced?

A

In the bone marrow

106
Q

Immunoglobulin (Ig) is another term for ___

A

Antibody

107
Q

This is the event that occurs when germ line DNA is spliced and recombined, ultimately changed to create a mature B cell

A

Somatic Recombination

108
Q

What do macrophages and dendrites do to pathogens?

A

Engulf them

109
Q

What happens to pathogens once they are engulfed by macrophages and dendrites?

A

They are brought in a phagosome, where they merge with a lysosome, forming a phagolysosome

110
Q

What cells are APCs (Antigen Presenting Cells)?

A

Dendritic cells and Macrophages (Also B cells)

111
Q

These are a group of cells whose job is to present antigen to the immune system.

A

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

112
Q

What do APCs do to pathogens?

A

They degrade them into pieces

113
Q

What do APCs do with the bits and pieces of pathogen?

A

They load them up onto MHC II receptors

114
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

115
Q

What are MHCs?

A

Protein receptors on the outside of cells?

116
Q

Where are MHC I located?

A

All nucleated cells

117
Q

Where are MHC II located?

A

APCs

118
Q

What do MHC I present?

A

“self”

119
Q

What do MHC II present?

A

antigens to immune system

120
Q

What do APC loaded with antigen molecules come into contact with to form a bound receptor complex?

A

T helper cells (T-h)

121
Q

What happens when APC and T-helper cells bind?

A

The T-helper (T-h) cell becomes activated

122
Q

What happens to T-helper cells once activated?

A

They grow and divide (clone themselves!)

123
Q

What do T-helper cells do in regards to B cells?

A

T-helper cells with similar receptors activate B cells

124
Q

What 2 things will a B cell do once activated and grown?

A

Some become memory cells and some become plasma cells

125
Q

What do most of the activated B cells become, and what is their function?

A

Become plasma cells, secreting copious amounts of antibodies

126
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

An activated B cells that remains in an active state, but stops dividing over again. Will rapidly activate as needed.

127
Q

What is the one overall function that antibodies do?

A

They stick to antigens

128
Q

This downstream effect of antibodies clumps pathogens, making them easier to phagocytose

A

Agglutination

129
Q

This downstream effect of antibodies blocks cell binding of pathogens and toxins

A

Neutralization

130
Q

This downstream effect of antibodies coats pathogens for easy phagocytosis

A

Opsonization

131
Q

This downstream effect of antibodies signal the killer cells to kill pathogens, when cells are too big to engulf or blow up

A

ADCC (Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)

132
Q

In ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity), what do killer cells do to the parasite or pathogen to kill it?

A

They vomit up toxins onto the parasite/invader. Enzymes will help kill it.

133
Q

This is the class of antibody that is small enough to cross the placenta, and is most abundant. It is found later in an infection.

A

IgG

134
Q

This is the class of antibody that is also known as secretory (it is found in secretions). Acts as a dimer.

A

IgA

135
Q

This is the class of antibody that is found early in infections, circulating in the blood. Acts as a pentamer.

A

IgM

136
Q

This is the class of antibody that is most often a B cell receptor, found circulating in your blood

A

IgD

137
Q

This is the class of antibody that is related to things going wrong (the allergy response!)

A

IgE

138
Q

These are constructed cells, that are essentially immortal cells!

A

Monoclonal antibodies

139
Q

How long to plasma cells last? Then what happens to them?

A

1-2 weeks; They fall apart

140
Q

What 2 cell types are merged together to produce monoclonal antibodies?

A

Mouse spleen (producing antibodies) and myeloma cells (cancer cells)

141
Q

When someone has antibodies to a pathogen, they are considered ___.

A

Seropositive

142
Q

The amount of antibodies one has in their blood is their ___.

A

Titer

143
Q

If your titer is high, how is your relative immunity?

A

Good immunity

144
Q

What are 2 examples of how antibodies can be useful for quick diagnostics?

A

Rapid Strep Test

Pregnancy Test

145
Q

What do neutralizing antibodies do to viruses and toxins?

A

They block hemagglutination of viruses, and they bind to toxins to prevent them from damaging cells

146
Q

What is the cause of botulism?

A

Clostridium botulinum

147
Q

What does botulism cause?

A

Paralysis of voluntary and involuntary muscles

148
Q

What is the treatment for exposure of botulism?

A

Injection of horse antibody against the toxins

149
Q

What is the cause of Tetnus?

A

Clostridium tetani

150
Q

What does tetnus cause?

A

Muscle rigidity and spasms

151
Q

What is a treatment for exposure to tetnus?

A

Injection of the human antibody to the toxin

152
Q

CD8 receptor cells are ____ cells

A

Killer T-cells

153
Q

CD4 receptor cells are ___ cells

A

Helper T-cells

154
Q

APC cells present extracellular antigen on MHC ___ receptors, and bind with CD__ T cells

A 
MHC II
CD4 cells (helper T)
155
Q

All cells present intracellular antigen on MHC ___ receptors, and bind with CD__ T cells

A 
MHC I
CD8 cells (killer T)
156
Q

Where is MHC I located within a cell?

A

Inside the endoplasmic reticulum/plasma membrane of all nucleated cells

157
Q

Where is MHC II located within an APC?

A

Inside the endoplasmic reticulum of APC (macrophages & dendrites)

158
Q

This type of vaccine is made with dead virus. It ___ (will/will not) replicate or cause disease.

A

Killed virus

It will NOT cause disease

159
Q

This type of vaccine uses a virus that can replicate in the host. It induces ___ cells and ___ to stimulate immunity.

A

Live attenuated vaccine

It induces Tc cells and antibodies

160
Q

This type of vaccination is not safe for immunosuppressed people.

A

Live attenuated vaccine

161
Q

What is done to live, attenuated vaccinations to make them safer to inject?

A

The virulence is eliminated or reduced in a lab.

162
Q

True/False: Inactivated virus or bacterium vaccinations cannot replicate in a host

A

True. Inactivated virus or bacterium vaccinations cannot replicate in hosts.

163
Q

Rabies and injectable influenza immunizations are examples of what kind of vaccination?

A

Inactivated virus or bacterium

164
Q

What is done to pathogens to make an inactivated virus/bacterium vaccination?

A

Heat-killed/cooked

165
Q

This type of vaccine is a safe method that generates antibodies, by only using parts of a pathogen

A

Subunit vaccine

166
Q

Pertussis (acellular) and Pnumococcal pneumonia (capsule) are examples of what kind of vaccination?

A

Subunit vaccine

167
Q

This vaccine is made with inactivated toxin molecules, and is a safe method of generating neutralizing antibodies

A

Toxoid vaccine

168
Q

Diptheria and tetanus are examples of this type of vaccine.

A

Toxoid vaccine

169
Q

This vaccine is made by taking a gene for the spiked protein surface, insert it into a plasmid, and this leads to immunity without having to give any live or killed virus

A

Recombinant vaccine

170
Q

This vaccine is controversial and under development, but is made by using genes to code for some part of the organism, and injecting plasmid into the subject to create immunity (only used for WNV in horses)

A

DNA vaccine

171
Q

___ are IgE (antibody) response to harmless antigens

A

Allergies

172
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) involves ___ ___, with a reaction occuring within 30 minutes

A

Immediate hypersensitivity

173
Q

Type 1 Hypersensitivity symptoms depend on these two factors.

A

Where allergen enters and how severe the immune response is

174
Q

When allergens enter the body on first exposure, what is triggered?

A

Stimulates B cells to make IgE antibodies, which bind to mast cells

175
Q

What happens on subsequent exposures to the allergen?

A

Allergen comes in body and binds to antibody binding sites on mast cells, which release histamine, leading to symptoms.

176
Q

This is when inflammation occurs throughout circulation, potentially leading to death

A

Systemic anaphylaxis

177
Q

True/False: Anaphylaxis reactions will occur in the same body systems and reactions in all allergic people

A

False. Anaphylaxis reactions vary by person.

178
Q

How do steroids work in regards to controlling allergy symptoms?

A

Steroids suppress the immune response

179
Q

How do allergy shots work in regards to controlling allergy symptoms?

A

The custom generated vaccinations induce IgG formation, which then binds all the allergen so it can’t reach the IgE on mast cells.

180
Q

In a Type II hypersensitivity (cytotoxic), IgG/IgM antibodies bind RBC antigens. This activates complement, causing what action?

A

It lyses RBC. ADCC - macrophages or NK cells bind the antibody-coated RBC, killing them!

181
Q

This kind of hypersensitivity is related to medication allergies, mismatched blood reactions, rheumatic fever, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

A

Type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity

182
Q

What happens when a person has autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

A

The body attacks its own RBCs.

183
Q

This type of hypersensitivity occurs when the immune system successfully releases antibodies to attack the antigens, but then the individual macrophages or neutrophils cannot consume the clumps up as they should, and the infection cannot be cleared.

A

Type III immune complex hypersensitivity

184
Q

Lyme arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, and rheumatoid arthritis are examples of this kind of hypersensitivity response.

A

Type III Immune Complex Disease

185
Q

In contact dermatitis, exposure to an antigen stimulates ___, which activates ___, which activates ___, and causes an inflammatory response.

A

Stimulates dendritic cells,
Activates Memory T-helper cells,
Activates macrophages

186
Q

This is an immune response to a pathogen antigen generates antibodies and T cells that also bind self antigens (such as with the Coxsacie virus leading to insulin dependence)

A

Molecular mimicry

187
Q

What disorder did David the Bubble Boy have?

A

SCID (Severe combined immunodeficiency disease)

188
Q

What is SCID? What does it mean?

A

SCID (Severe combined immunodeficiency disease)

No T or B cells

Microbiology 101 (10 decks)

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