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Anatomy with Dr. Doug > Exam III > Flashcards

Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory (afferent)

A

specialized to detect stimuli and transmit information about them

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2
Q

Interneurons (association)

A

lie entirely within the central nervous system

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3
Q

Motor (efferent)

A

sends signals predominantly to muscle gland cells

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4
Q

nerve

A

bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in connective tissue

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5
Q

Ganglion

A

knot-like swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated

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6
Q

Central nervous system

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are enclosed and protected by the cranium and vertebral column

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

composed of nerves and ganglia (all of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord)

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8
Q

Divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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9
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

one axon multiple dendrites

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10
Q

bi polar neuron

A

one axon, one dendrite

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11
Q

unipolar neuron

A

single process leading away from the soma

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12
Q

anaxonic

A

multiple dendrites; no axon

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13
Q

neuroglia

A

supportive cells

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14
Q

6 types of neuroglia

A

Oligodendrocytes (CNS), Ependymal (CNS), Microglia (CNS), Astocytes (CNS), Schwann (PNS), Satellite (PNS)

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15
Q

Why is myelin so important in the nervous system?

A

The myelin sheath is an insulating layer around a nerve fiber

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16
Q

How does an axon regenerate in the PNS?

A

The soma undergoes abnormalities, axon stump may sprout multiple growth processes while the distal end degenerates.
d. Muscle fibers deprived of nerve supply shrink, a process called denervation atrophy.
e. Near the injury, Schwann cells, the basal lamina, and the neurilemma form a regeneration tube.
The regeneration tube guides the growing sprout back to the original target cells, reestablishing synaptic contact.
g. When contact is established, the soma shrinks and returns to its original appearance, and the reinnervated muscle fibers regrow.

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17
Q

A change in potential may occur when

A

a neuron is stimulated

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18
Q

Local potentials

A

are graded (vary in magnitude depending on strength of stimulus), decremental, reversible if stimulation ceases, excitatory or inhibitory

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19
Q

action potentials

A

occur only when there is a high enough density of voltage-regulated gates; most of the soma cannot generate action potentials.

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20
Q

the refractory period

A

During an action potential and for a few milliseconds after, the neuron cannot be stimulated to fire again.

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21
Q

Where does a synapse occur?

A

at the end of an axon

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22
Q

Neurotransmitters fall into four major categories

A

Acetylcholine, Amino acid neurotransmitters, Monoamines, Neuropeptides

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23
Q

Neuromodulators

A

hormones, neuropeptides, and other messengers that modify synaptic transmission.

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24
Q

cholinergic synapse

A
  • arrival of a nerve signal at the synaptic knob open voltage regulated calcium
  • calcium triggers exoctytosis of synaptic vesicles releasing ACh
  • empty vesicles drop back into the cytoplasm
  • ACh diffuses across cleft to allow Na to enter and K to leave
  • Na spreads out along the inside of the membrane producing postsynaptic potential
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25
removal of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft is accomplished in three ways
diffusion, reuptake, degredation
26
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
Any voltage change that raises the membrane potential closer to the threshold
27
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
Any voltage change that hyperpolarizes the membrane and makes it more negative than the RMP
28
Summation
the process of adding up EPSPs and IPSPs and responding to their net effect; it occurs in the trigger zone
29
Temporal summation
occurs when a single synapse generates EPSPs very quickly so that they have a cumulative effect.
30
Spatial summation
occurs when EPSPs from several different synapses add up to threshold at the axon hillock
31
labeled line code (qualitative information)
Each nerve fiber to the brain leads from a receptor that recognized a particular stimulus type, such as optic nerve fibers that carry signals only from light receptors in the eye
32
recruitment (quantitative)
additional neurons are brought into play as a stimulus becomes stronger, enabling the nervous system to judge stimulus strength by which and how many neurons are firing
33
4 types of neural circuits
diverging, converging, reverberating, parallel after discharge
34
engram
a pathway through the brain called a memory trace
35
synaptic plasticity
the ability of synapses to be added, taken away, or modified
36
synaptic potentiation
During learning, synapses in a certain pathway become modified so that signals travel more easily across them
37
3 types of memory
short-term memory, long-term memory, immediate memory
38
declarative memory
the retention of facts and events that can be put into words
39
procedural memory
the retention of motor skills
40
3 meninges of the brain
dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
41
ventricles of the brain
2 lateral, 3rd and fourth ventricles
42
choroid plexus
a mass of blood capillaries on the floor or wall of the ventricles
43
3 functions of cerebrospinal fluid
Buoyancy, protection, chemical stability
44
Why is it important to keep whole blood from touching the CNS?
Blood can contain viruses and other substances that can infect and harm the brain
45
blood brain barrier
protection consisting of tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls
46
CSF- barrier system
protects the choroid plexus
47
The forebrain consists of
thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum
48
How many spinal nerve pairs are there?
31
49
What are the 5 plexuses?
cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
50
What are the proximal branches of the spinal nerve?
rootless branches of each spinal nerve as they pass through the intervertebral foramen
51
What are the distal branches of the spinal nerve?
emerge directly and split nerve into anterior ramus and posterior ramus
52
dermatome
sensory input from a specific skin
53
4 characteristics of a reflex
require stimulation, are quick, involuntary, stereotyped
54
reflex arc
- somatic sensors in the skin, a muscle, or tendon - afferent nerve fibers - integrating center in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem consisting of one or more interneurons - efferent nerve fibers - effectors
55
ascending tracts
carry sensory information up the cord
56
descending tracts
conduct motor impulses down to targets
57
hindbrain
The medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum
58
7 functions of the hypothalamus
hormone secretion, autonomic effect, thermoregulation, food/water intake, sleep and circadian rhythms, memory, emotional behavior/sexual response
59
5 lobes of the cerebrum
frontal lobe (voluntary motor functions, higher mental function), parietal lobe (taste/visual processing), occipital lobe (vision), temporal (hearing, smell, memory, learning, some vision and emotion), insula (language)
60
What are the 3 tracts of cerebral white matter?
- Projection tracts extend vertically between higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers. - Commissural tracts cross from one hemisphere to the other through commisures. - Association tracts connect different regions within the same hemisphere.
61
3 areas of cerebral gray matter?
cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, limbic system
62
What limbic system nuclei are centers of emotion and memory?
emotion (amygdala) and memory (hippocampus)
63
What are the 7 higher brain functions?
sleep, cognition, memory, emotion, sensation, motor action, language, cerebral lateralization
64
Wernicke area
responsible for the recognition of spoken and written language, typically in the left cerebral hemisphere
65
Broca area
generates a motor program from muscles in the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips to produce speech and transmits it to the primary motor cortex.
66
properties of receptors
transducers, receptor potential, not all receptor cells are neurons, release neurotransmitters
67
4 types of info sent by receptors
modality, location, intensity, duration
68
phasic receptors
adapt quickly after a quick initial burst of sensation
69
tonic receptors
adapt slowly and send impulses continually
70
What are the 5 modalities of receptors?
chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, Nociceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Photoreceptors
71
Interoceptors
detect stimuli in the internal organs. Sense visceral pain, pressure, stretch and nausea.
72
Proprioceptors
detect stimuli in muscles, tendons and joints. Sense position and movements of body parts.
73
Exteroceptors
detect stimuli external to the body. Sense vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch and cutaneous pain.
74
General senses
receptors are widely distributed in skin, muscles, tendons, joints and viscera. Made of one or more sensory nerve fibers, often with supportive connective tissues.
75
Special senses
limited to head and innervated by cranial nerves. Includes vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, and smell.
76
3 unencapsulated nerve endings
free nerve endings, tactile discs, hair receptors
77
encapsulated nerve endings in deeper tissues
Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles, Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles, Krause end bulbs, Ruffini corpuscles, Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs
78
Projection pathways (touch)
First order neurons run to the spinal cord. Second order neurons cross to the contralateral side of the CNS and end in the thalamus. Third order neurons project into the cortex.
79
nociceptors
pain receptors
80
2 types of pain
Fast (first) pain fibers, Slow (second) pain fibers
81
what is substance P?
a neuropeptide released by first order neurons to stimulate the second order neurons
82
projection pathway for pain
- Most superficial pain in the head is carried by the trigeminal nerve. - Body pains travel up the spinal nerves to the spinal cord. - First order pain neurons release a neuropeptide called substance P to stimulate the second order neurons. - Pain signals also go to the reticular formation to affect arousal and to the hypothalamus and limbic system to affect emotional and behavioral reactions to pain.
83
What is spinal gating?
Opioids prevent pain signals from reaching second order neurons in the CNS
84
What are endogenous opioids?
peptides called enkephalins, endorphins and dynorphins.
85
chemoreception
respond to chemicals (taste, smell, fluid chemistry)
86
gustation
taste
87
olfaction
smell

Anatomy with Dr. Doug (15 decks)

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