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Anatomy with Dr. Doug > Exam III > Flashcards

Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory (afferent)

A

specialized to detect stimuli and transmit information about them

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2
Q

Interneurons (association)

A

lie entirely within the central nervous system

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3
Q

Motor (efferent)

A

sends signals predominantly to muscle gland cells

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4
Q

nerve

A

bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in connective tissue

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5
Q

Ganglion

A

knot-like swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated

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6
Q

Central nervous system

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are enclosed and protected by the cranium and vertebral column

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

composed of nerves and ganglia (all of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord)

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8
Q

Divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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9
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

one axon multiple dendrites

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10
Q

bi polar neuron

A

one axon, one dendrite

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11
Q

unipolar neuron

A

single process leading away from the soma

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12
Q

anaxonic

A

multiple dendrites; no axon

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13
Q

neuroglia

A

supportive cells

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14
Q

6 types of neuroglia

A

Oligodendrocytes (CNS), Ependymal (CNS), Microglia (CNS), Astocytes (CNS), Schwann (PNS), Satellite (PNS)

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15
Q

Why is myelin so important in the nervous system?

A

The myelin sheath is an insulating layer around a nerve fiber

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16
Q

How does an axon regenerate in the PNS?

A

The soma undergoes abnormalities, axon stump may sprout multiple growth processes while the distal end degenerates.
d. Muscle fibers deprived of nerve supply shrink, a process called denervation atrophy.
e. Near the injury, Schwann cells, the basal lamina, and the neurilemma form a regeneration tube.
The regeneration tube guides the growing sprout back to the original target cells, reestablishing synaptic contact.
g. When contact is established, the soma shrinks and returns to its original appearance, and the reinnervated muscle fibers regrow.

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17
Q

A change in potential may occur when

A

a neuron is stimulated

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18
Q

Local potentials

A

are graded (vary in magnitude depending on strength of stimulus), decremental, reversible if stimulation ceases, excitatory or inhibitory

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19
Q

action potentials

A

occur only when there is a high enough density of voltage-regulated gates; most of the soma cannot generate action potentials.

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20
Q

the refractory period

A

During an action potential and for a few milliseconds after, the neuron cannot be stimulated to fire again.

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21
Q

Where does a synapse occur?

A

at the end of an axon

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22
Q

Neurotransmitters fall into four major categories

A

Acetylcholine, Amino acid neurotransmitters, Monoamines, Neuropeptides

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23
Q

Neuromodulators

A

hormones, neuropeptides, and other messengers that modify synaptic transmission.

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24
Q

cholinergic synapse

A
  • arrival of a nerve signal at the synaptic knob open voltage regulated calcium
  • calcium triggers exoctytosis of synaptic vesicles releasing ACh
  • empty vesicles drop back into the cytoplasm
  • ACh diffuses across cleft to allow Na to enter and K to leave
  • Na spreads out along the inside of the membrane producing postsynaptic potential
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25
Q

removal of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft is accomplished in three ways

A

diffusion, reuptake, degredation

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26
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

Any voltage change that raises the membrane potential closer to the threshold

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27
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

Any voltage change that hyperpolarizes the membrane and makes it more negative than the RMP

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28
Q

Summation

A

the process of adding up EPSPs and IPSPs and responding to their net effect; it occurs in the trigger zone

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29
Q

Temporal summation

A

occurs when a single synapse generates EPSPs very quickly so that they have a cumulative effect.

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30
Q

Spatial summation

A

occurs when EPSPs from several different synapses add up to threshold at the axon hillock

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31
Q

labeled line code (qualitative information)

A

Each nerve fiber to the brain leads from a receptor that recognized a particular stimulus type, such as optic nerve fibers that carry signals only from light receptors in the eye

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32
Q

recruitment (quantitative)

A

additional neurons are brought into play as a stimulus becomes stronger, enabling the nervous system to judge stimulus strength by which and how many neurons are firing

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33
Q

4 types of neural circuits

A

diverging, converging, reverberating, parallel after discharge

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34
Q

engram

A

a pathway through the brain called a memory trace

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35
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

the ability of synapses to be added, taken away, or modified

36
Q

synaptic potentiation

A

During learning, synapses in a certain pathway become modified so that signals travel more easily across them

37
Q

3 types of memory

A

short-term memory, long-term memory, immediate memory

38
Q

declarative memory

A

the retention of facts and events that can be put into words

39
Q

procedural memory

A

the retention of motor skills

40
Q

3 meninges of the brain

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

41
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

2 lateral, 3rd and fourth ventricles

42
Q

choroid plexus

A

a mass of blood capillaries on the floor or wall of the ventricles

43
Q

3 functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Buoyancy, protection, chemical stability

44
Q

Why is it important to keep whole blood from touching the CNS?

A

Blood can contain viruses and other substances that can infect and harm the brain

45
Q

blood brain barrier

A

protection consisting of tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls

46
Q

CSF- barrier system

A

protects the choroid plexus

47
Q

The forebrain consists of

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum

48
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs are there?

A

31

49
Q

What are the 5 plexuses?

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

50
Q

What are the proximal branches of the spinal nerve?

A

rootless branches of each spinal nerve as they pass through the intervertebral foramen

51
Q

What are the distal branches of the spinal nerve?

A

emerge directly and split nerve into anterior ramus and posterior ramus

52
Q

dermatome

A

sensory input from a specific skin

53
Q

4 characteristics of a reflex

A

require stimulation, are quick, involuntary, stereotyped

54
Q

reflex arc

A
  • somatic sensors in the skin, a muscle, or tendon
  • afferent nerve fibers
  • integrating center in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem consisting of one or more interneurons
  • efferent nerve fibers
  • effectors
55
Q

ascending tracts

A

carry sensory information up the cord

56
Q

descending tracts

A

conduct motor impulses down to targets

57
Q

hindbrain

A

The medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum

58
Q

7 functions of the hypothalamus

A

hormone secretion, autonomic effect, thermoregulation, food/water intake, sleep and circadian rhythms, memory, emotional behavior/sexual response

59
Q

5 lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal lobe (voluntary motor functions, higher mental function), parietal lobe (taste/visual processing), occipital lobe (vision), temporal (hearing, smell, memory, learning, some vision and emotion), insula (language)

60
Q

What are the 3 tracts of cerebral white matter?

A
  • Projection tracts extend vertically between higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers.
  • Commissural tracts cross from one hemisphere to the other through commisures.
  • Association tracts connect different regions within the same hemisphere.
61
Q

3 areas of cerebral gray matter?

A

cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, limbic system

62
Q

What limbic system nuclei are centers of emotion and memory?

A

emotion (amygdala) and memory (hippocampus)

63
Q

What are the 7 higher brain functions?

A

sleep, cognition, memory, emotion, sensation, motor action, language, cerebral lateralization

64
Q

Wernicke area

A

responsible for the recognition of spoken and written language, typically in the left cerebral hemisphere

65
Q

Broca area

A

generates a motor program from muscles in the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips to produce speech and transmits it to the primary motor cortex.

66
Q

properties of receptors

A

transducers, receptor potential, not all receptor cells are neurons, release neurotransmitters

67
Q

4 types of info sent by receptors

A

modality, location, intensity, duration

68
Q

phasic receptors

A

adapt quickly after a quick initial burst of sensation

69
Q

tonic receptors

A

adapt slowly and send impulses continually

70
Q

What are the 5 modalities of receptors?

A

chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, Nociceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Photoreceptors

71
Q

Interoceptors

A

detect stimuli in the internal organs. Sense visceral pain, pressure, stretch and nausea.

72
Q

Proprioceptors

A

detect stimuli in muscles, tendons and joints. Sense position and movements of body parts.

73
Q

Exteroceptors

A

detect stimuli external to the body. Sense vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch and cutaneous pain.

74
Q

General senses

A

receptors are widely distributed in skin, muscles, tendons, joints and viscera. Made of one or more sensory nerve fibers, often with supportive connective tissues.

75
Q

Special senses

A

limited to head and innervated by cranial nerves. Includes vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, and smell.

76
Q

3 unencapsulated nerve endings

A

free nerve endings, tactile discs, hair receptors

77
Q

encapsulated nerve endings in deeper tissues

A

Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles, Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles, Krause end bulbs, Ruffini corpuscles, Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs

78
Q

Projection pathways (touch)

A

First order neurons run to the spinal cord. Second order neurons cross to the contralateral side of the CNS and end in the thalamus. Third order neurons project into the cortex.

79
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors

80
Q

2 types of pain

A

Fast (first) pain fibers, Slow (second) pain fibers

81
Q

what is substance P?

A

a neuropeptide released by first order neurons to stimulate the second order neurons

82
Q

projection pathway for pain

A
  • Most superficial pain in the head is carried by the trigeminal nerve.
  • Body pains travel up the spinal nerves to the spinal cord.
  • First order pain neurons release a neuropeptide called substance P to stimulate the second order neurons.
  • Pain signals also go to the reticular formation to affect arousal and to the hypothalamus and limbic system to affect emotional and behavioral reactions to pain.
83
Q

What is spinal gating?

A

Opioids prevent pain signals from reaching second order neurons in the CNS

84
Q

What are endogenous opioids?

A

peptides called enkephalins, endorphins and dynorphins.

85
Q

chemoreception

A

respond to chemicals (taste, smell, fluid chemistry)

86
Q

gustation

A

taste

87
Q

olfaction

A

smell

Anatomy with Dr. Doug (15 decks)

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