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Anatomy with Dr. Doug > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, blood formation, detoxification

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2
Q

What are the 4 bone shapes?

A

Short, long, irregular, flat

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3
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

fills the head of the long bones and forms the middle layer of flat bones

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4
Q

Where is compact bone found?

A

a denser calcified tissue with no visible spaces and it forms the external surfaces of all bones

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5
Q

What are the structures in an osteon?

A

canal, lamellae, haversian canal, osteocytes

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6
Q

Medullary cavity

A

bone marrow cavity

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7
Q

Nutrient Foramina

A

blood vessels penetrate into the bone through these openings

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8
Q

What is the difference between the periosteum and endosteum?

A

The periosteum lines the external bone surface while the endosteum lines the internal marrow cavity, covers the honeycombed surfaces of spongy bone, and lines the canal system

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9
Q

What are perforating fibers?

A

collagen fibers of the outer layer of the periosteum that penetrate into the bone matrix as part of the periosteum’s attachment from muscle to tendon to bone

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10
Q

Why is the periosteum so important for bone growth?

A

The periosteum is so important for bone growth because of its inner layer of osteogenic cells

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11
Q

4 bone cells

A

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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12
Q

osteogenic cells

A

stem cells that give rise to most other bone cells; they are found in the endosteum, the inner layer of the periosteum, and the central canals

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13
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells; they synthesize the soft organic matter of the bone matrix, which hardens by mineral deposition

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14
Q

osteocytes

A

former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the bone matrix they deposited. Resorb or deposit bone matrix, contributing to the homeostasis of bone density and load is applied to a bone

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15
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surfaces. Bone remodeling results from the combined action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

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16
Q

What is the bone matrix made up of?

A

calcium, phosphate, and hydroxapatite

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17
Q

First step in bone fracture repair

A

Formation of a hematoma (clot) and granulation tissue: blood vessels are severed by a fracture; the blood forms a clot called a fracture hematoma. Fibrobalsts, macrophages, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells invade the tissue, along with blood capillaries, converting the clot to a mass called granulation tissue

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18
Q

Second step in bone fracture repair

A

Fibroblasts deposit collagen while some osteogenic cells become chondroblasts and produce patches of cartilage called soft callus

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19
Q

Third step in bone fracture repair

A

Conversion to hard callus: Superficial osteogenic cells become osteoblasts, which a bony collar called the hard callus around the fracture. The hard callus acts as a temporary splint; it takes 4 to 6 weeks for a hard callus to form.

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20
Q

Fourth step in bone fracture repair

A

Remodeling: The hard callus perisits for 3-4 months, while osteoclasts dissolve small fragments of broken bone, and osteoblasts deposit spongy bone to bridge the gap

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21
Q

Metaphysis

A

The region of transition from cartilage to bone at each end of the primary marrow cavity

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22
Q

5 zones of mataphysis

A

done of reserve cartilage, zone of cell proliferation, zone of cell hypertrophy, zone of calcification, zone of bone deposition

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23
Q

zone of reserve cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage has not yet begun to transform into bone (no action)

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24
Q

zone of cell proliferation

A

chondrocytes multiply and arrange themselves into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae (hyperplasia of chondrocytes, cartilage lengthens)

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25
Q

zone of cell hypertrophy

A

chondrocytes cease dividing and enlarge

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26
Q

zone of calcification

A

minerals are deposited in the matrix and calcify the cartilage (calcium fortification)

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27
Q

zone of bone deposition

A

walls between lacunae break down and chondrocytes die; osteoblasts line up along the walls of the channels and begin depositing concentric lamellae; osteoclasts dissolve the temporarily calcified cartilage. (replacement of cartilage with bone)

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28
Q

Interstitial growth

A

the growth of cartilage from within the metaphases (from the center out)

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29
Q

Appositional growth

A

deposition of new tissues at the surface

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30
Q

What are the hormones involved in bone remodeling?

A

calcitriol, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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31
Q

Where are the hormones involved in bone remodeling made?

A

calcitriol: produced by sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidneys
calcitonin: secreted by C cells of the thyroid gland
PTH: secreted by the parathyroid glands

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32
Q

Functions of the 3 hormones involved in bone remodeling?

A

calcitriol: raises blood calcium
calcitonin: lowers blood calcium
PTH: raises blood calcium

33
Q

What mechanisms do the hormones involved in bone remodeling do?

A

calcitriol: increases calcium absorption and reabsorption
calcitonin: reduces osteoclast, increases the number of osteoblasts within an hour of secretion
PTH: increase the osteoclast population, promotes reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys, promotes the final step of calcitriol synthesis, inhibits collagen syntheses

34
Q

Synarthroses

A

a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other

35
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

a joint where two bones are linked by cartilage

36
Q

Diarthroses

A

a point at which two bones are separated by a narrow, encapsulated space filled with lubricating synovial fluid; highly mobile joints, they are the most obvious (knee, knuckle, elbow)

37
Q

Fibrous joints

A

connected by collagen fibers that penetrate one bone from the other

38
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

where two bones are linked by cartilage

39
Q

synovial joints

A

where two bones are connected by an encapsulated space filled with synovial fluid

40
Q

3 Types of fibrous joints

A

sutures, gomphoses, ligaments

41
Q

sutures

A

immovable or only slightly movable fibrous joints that bind the bones of the skull

42
Q

gomphoses

A

the attachment of things like teeth to the jaw

43
Q

synchondrosis

A

joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage

44
Q

symphysis

A

two bones are joined by fibrocartilage

45
Q

What are the features of a synovial joint?

A

freely movable, structurally complex, the facing surfaces of the bones are covered with articular hyaline cartilage about 2 or 3 mm thick, joint cavity lies between the bones surfaces filled with synovial fluid, joint capsule, tendons, ligaments, and burase

46
Q

joint capsule

A

has an outer fibrous capsule continuous with the periosteum of adjacent bones. The inner synovial membrane is composed of fibroblast-like cells that secrete synovial fluid and is populated by macrophages

47
Q

synovial fluid

A

rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid which give it a viscous, slippery texture like egg whites. It nourishes the articular cartilages, removes their wastes, and makes movements for synovial joints almost friction free. Synovial fluid is made in the synovial membrane which is composed mainly of fibroblast- like cells that secrete the fluid.

48
Q

meniscus

A

in the knee, two cartilages extend from left and right but do not entirely cross the joint. Absorb shock and pressure, guide the bones across each other, and improve the joint fit

49
Q

bursa

A

a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, between where a tendon passes over a bone, or between bone and skin. Cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily, and sometimes enhance the mechanical effect of the muscle by affecting the direction in which the muscle pulls

50
Q

6 Synovial joint shapes

A

ball-and-socket joints, condylar, saddle, plane, hinge, pivot

51
Q

joints that move in 3 planes

A

ball-and-socket

52
Q

joints that move in 2 planes

A

condylar, saddle, plane

53
Q

joints that move in 1 plane

A

hinge, pivot

54
Q

3 lever types

A

first class, second class, third class

55
Q

first-class lever

A

the fulcrum is in the middle, like a seesaw (atlanto-occipital joint of the neck)

56
Q

second-class lever

A

the resistance in the middle, like wheelbarrow (depressing the mandible)

57
Q

third-class lever

A

effort is in the middle (most common lever in the body) (Forearm flexing at the elbow)

58
Q

5 functions of the muscular system

A

stability, movement, controlling the openings and passages, heat production, glycemic control

59
Q

What are the connective tissues in muscle

A

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, fascia

60
Q

What is a fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibers

61
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds each muscle fiber

62
Q

epimysium

A

surrounds the entire muscle

63
Q

perimysium

A

surrounds each fascicle

64
Q

muscle shapes

A

fusiform, triangular, circular, pennate, parallel

65
Q

muscle compartment

A

group of functionally related muscles enclosed and separated from others by connective tissue fascia

66
Q

tendon

A

fibrous band that bridges the gap where the muscle falls short of the bone

67
Q

aponeurosis

A

a sheet tendon that is beneath the scalp

68
Q

origin

A

non moving point of attachment

69
Q

insertion

A

attachment at mobile end

70
Q

belly

A

thick middle part of the muscle

71
Q

prime mover

A

produces the most force

72
Q

synergist

A

aids prime mover

73
Q

antagonist

A

opposes prime mover

74
Q

fixator

A

keeps the bone stationary

75
Q

Characteristics of muscle

A

elasticity, conductivity, responsiveness, contractality, extensability

76
Q

sarcolemma

A

membrane in muscle cells

77
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm in muscle cells

78
Q

myofibril

A

long protein chords

Anatomy with Dr. Doug (15 decks)

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