exam ii: growth and development framework Flashcards
growth patterns
expected patterns exist for all human beings; children grow at different rates
what is the best reflection/indication of growth
growth charts
4 causes of social change
technology
social institutions
populations
environment
growth
quantifiable change in structure, MOST important indicator of child’s overall health and development
growth in childhood
physical changes measured and charted regularly (growth charts)
growth in adulthood
assess systems undergoing change
4 influences on growth
gender
age
genetics
environment
learning
process of gaining knowledge and skills from exposure, education, experiences –> results in behavioral change
t/f: learning cannot occur unless individual is mature enough to understand and control behavior
true
maturation
increased competence due to changes in structural complexity that make higher level functioning possible –> indiv learns to react to situations appropriately
development
process by which child develops his/her psychomotor skills; gradual change and expansion of ability and skill
- patterns are predictable, timing is individual
3 early developmental patterns
- cephalocaudal (head to toe)
- proximodistal (CNS then PNS)
- differentiation (simple to complex)
what is erikson’s theory of psychological development
8 stages in which a healthy indiv should pass thru from birth to death ⇒ each stage requires resolution of conflict between 2 opposing forces
trust vs mistrust
- age
- success in stage
- fail in stage
infancy-2yrs
- trust self and others
- inability to trust, withdrawal/isolation
autonomy vs shame and doubt
- age
- success in stage
- fail in stage
2-4yrs
- exercise self control
- defiance and negativity
initiative vs guilt
- age
- success in stage
- fail in stage
4-6yrs
- eval own behavior, learns limits
- fear, pessimistic, lack of confidence
industry vs inferiority
- age
- success in stage
- fail in stage
6-12yrs
- self confidence creative energy
- feelings of inadequacy, mediocrity/self doubt
identity vs role confusion
- age
- success in stage
- fail in stage
12-20yrs
- coherent sense of self, plans for future
- inability to dev personal/vocation identity
intimacy vs isolation
- age
- success in stage
- fail in stage
20-35yrs
- connections in work/relationships
- avoid intimacy and commitments
generativity vs stagnation
- age
- success in stage
- fail in stage
35-65
- involved with est family, expand personal creativity
- lack of interests/commitments, occupied with self centered concerns
ego integrity vs despair
- age
- success in stage
- fail in stage
65-death
- involved with est family, ID of life as meaningful
- fear of death, life lacks meaning, regrets
piaget’s theory of cognitive development
cognitive development was a progressive reorganization of mental processes as a result of biological maturation and environment experience
by what age does piaget think cognitive development should be done?
15 yrs
scheme
describe a pattern of action/thought
assimilate
to take in a thought or idea
accomodate
modify a new experience
sensorimotor
- age
- significant change
birth- 18/24 months
- object permanence, reflexes, imitate
pre-operational
- age
- significant change
2-7yrs
- symbolic thought, language, magical thinking, senses
concrete operational
- age
- significant change
7-11yrs
- operational thought, logical approach, collect and master facts
formal operational
- age
- significant change
adolescent-adulthood
- abstract concepts, true, logical thoughts
vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development
cognitive abilities are socially guided and constructed, learning is taught through social and cultural experiences (from piaget’s idea)
social constructivism
cognitive fxns are the products of social interactions
zone of proximal development
teaching a child new skills = child learns best in situations where they can almost complete a task on their own but not quite there
scaffolding
system provided by instructor to help student reach next level of learning
kohlberg’s moral development theory
emphasizes ethic of justice; progression through successive stages of moral development –> ppl move through these in a fixed order
