Exam I Osteology Flashcards
What is osteology?
the study of bone
what are the three primary cell types of bone?
osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
what is the function of each type of bone cell?
osteoblast- form bone
osteocyte- maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast- remodel bone
what are the bone cells embedded in?
an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals
what is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans
what types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?
chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates and hyaluronic acid
what is the principle type of protein fiber in bone?
collagen type I
what are the primary constituents of the bone mineral?
calcium, phosphate, citrate and carbonate ions
what is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
hydroxyapatite
bone is also the repository for what additional ions?
sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium and radium
what is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone
living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress
what are the three responses of bone that allow it to be described as living
it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age (he stressed this in class and stated that it will 100% be on the exam so dont be stupid FREE point right here!!!)
What are the four basic tissues of the human body?
epithelial, muscle, neural and connective tissues
What is bone the embryological derivative of?
mesenchyme or cartilage
what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
Intramembranous ossification
what is the timing for the appearance of Intramembranous ossification?
from the second to third month in utero
what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
endochondral ossification
what is the timing for the appearance of ossification in the cartilage?
from the second to fifth month in utero
what part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?
chondrocranium
which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and Intramembranous ossification?
the clavicle
what are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
primary centers of ossification appear before birth, secondary centers of ossification appear after birth
mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?
cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone
what is the name given to the bone below articulating surfaces?
subchondral bone
what is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?
the periosteum
what is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?
the endosteum
what are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
sexual dimorphism, ontogenetic variation, geographic or population based variation, and idiosyncratic variation
what are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones
what are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in spinal anatomy
heterotopic and accessory bone
