Exam I Osteology

Question 1

What is osteology?

Answer 1

the study of bone

Question 2

what are the three primary cell types of bone?

Answer 2

osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

Question 3

what is the function of each type of bone cell?

Answer 3

osteoblast- form bone
osteocyte- maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast- remodel bone

Question 4

what are the bone cells embedded in?

Answer 4

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

Question 5

what is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

Answer 5

glycosaminoglycans

Question 6

what types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

Answer 6

chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates and hyaluronic acid

Question 7

what is the principle type of protein fiber in bone?

Answer 7

collagen type I

Question 8

what are the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

Answer 8

calcium, phosphate, citrate and carbonate ions

Question 9

what is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

Answer 9

hydroxyapatite

Question 10

bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

Answer 10

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium and radium

Question 11

what is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone

Answer 11

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

Question 12

what are the three responses of bone that allow it to be described as living

Answer 12

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age
(he stressed this in class and stated that it will 100% be on the exam so dont be stupid FREE point right here!!!)

Question 13

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

Answer 13

epithelial, muscle, neural and connective tissues

Question 14

What is bone the embryological derivative of?

Answer 14

mesenchyme or cartilage

Question 15

what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

Answer 15

Intramembranous ossification

Question 16

what is the timing for the appearance of Intramembranous ossification?

Answer 16

from the second to third month in utero

Question 17

what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 17

endochondral ossification

Question 18

what is the timing for the appearance of ossification in the cartilage?

Answer 18

from the second to fifth month in utero

Question 19

what part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

Answer 19

chondrocranium

Question 20

which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and Intramembranous ossification?

Answer 20

the clavicle

Question 21

what are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

Answer 21

primary centers of ossification appear before birth, secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

Question 22

mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

Answer 22

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone

Question 23

what is the name given to the bone below articulating surfaces?

Answer 23

subchondral bone

Question 24

what is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

Answer 24

the periosteum

Question 25

what is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

Answer 25

the endosteum

Question 26

what are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

Answer 26

sexual dimorphism, ontogenetic variation, geographic or population based variation, and idiosyncratic variation

Question 27

what are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

Answer 27

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones

Question 28

what are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in spinal anatomy

Answer 28

heterotopic and accessory bone