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Spinal Anatomy Fall 2015 > Exam I Arthrology > Flashcards

Exam I Arthrology Flashcards

1
Q

what term is used to identify the study of ligaments

A

syndesmology

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2
Q

what are the three histological classifications of joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid

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3
Q

what are the three classifications of joints based on movement potential

A

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis

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4
Q

which classification of synarthrosis joints implies a bond condition

A

syndesmosis

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5
Q

what is the classification of a joint help together with cartilage

A

synchondrosis

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6
Q

what is the classification of a joint formed by a growth condition

A

symphysis

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7
Q

what is the name given to a condition in which bones are fused together by bone

A

synostosis

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8
Q

what is the condition in which teeth are abnormally aligned during closure of the mouth

A

malocclusion

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9
Q

what fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of syndesmosis

A

interosseous ligament

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10
Q

what are the classic examples of the less moveable or fixed syndesmosis

A

tibia-fibula shaft articulation, radio-ulnar shaft articulation, coraco-clavicular joint or tympano-stapedial joint

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11
Q

what are the examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column

A

most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column and ligamentous sacro-iliac joints

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis

A

they are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longevity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template

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13
Q

what are examples of temporary cartilage joints

A

metaphysis, neuro-central joint, neural arch joint, chondrocranium

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14
Q

what are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis

A

costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint

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15
Q

which cartilage joint classification would be considered secondary

A

(amphiarthrosis) symphysis

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16
Q

what type of cartilage is charactaristic of the (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

A

fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage

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17
Q

what are the charactaristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

A

limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification

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18
Q

what are classic examples of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

A

intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, sternal symphysis and symphysis menti

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19
Q

which example of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary

A

symphysis menti

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20
Q

what are the four constituent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints

A

articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid

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21
Q

thickening of the fibrous capsule connective tissue will form the

A

capsular ligament

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22
Q

what generic accessory ligaments may accompany and support the capsular ligament

A

intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments

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23
Q

what are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors

A

located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”

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24
Q

what term is used to identify the study of joints

A

arthrology

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25
Q

what are the characteristics of type II articular receptors

A

located in the deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion

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26
Q

what are the characteristics of type III articular receptors

A

present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble golgi tendon organs, not initially observed in the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion

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27
Q

what is the function of type IV articular fibers

A

nociceptive, they monitor pain

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28
Q

type IVa articular receptors would be present in what locations

A

fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels

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29
Q

type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations

A

accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine

30
Q

type IV receptors would be absent in what part(s) of the synovial (diarthrosis) joint

A

synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial menisci or intra-articular discs

31
Q

what are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane

A

synovial villi, articular fat pads or haversian glands, synovial menisci and intra-articular discs

32
Q

what is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membrane

A

aid in spreading synovial fluid

33
Q

what is the apparent function of synovial villi

A

increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion- absorption phenomena

34
Q

where are the articular fat pads located

A

in the fibrous layer of synovial membrane; they are absent from articular cartilage, synovial menisci, intra-articular disc

35
Q

articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column

A

lumbar zygapophyses

36
Q

intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints examples

A

temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints

37
Q

synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples

A

femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygapophyses

38
Q

what are the layers of the synovial membrane

A

outer fibrous layer and an inner (lumenal) cellular layer AKA synovial laminia intima

39
Q

what are the specific functions of type A synovial cells

A

are phagocytic

40
Q

waht is the specific function of type B synovial cells

A

secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid

41
Q

what are the primary constituents of articular cartilage

A

water, cells, collagen type II fibers and proteoglycan gel

42
Q

what is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage

A

form a network for water retention

43
Q

what is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties

A

cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property

44
Q

what is implied when cartilage is said to have a viscoelastic property

A

cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property

45
Q

which joint theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid

A

weeping theory

46
Q

which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of remaining synovial fluid

A

boosted theory

47
Q

which theory of joint lubrication implies an ABSORPTION of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement

A

boundary theory

48
Q

what are the properties of synovial fluid

A

it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty

49
Q

which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior

A

hyaluronate

50
Q

what substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior

A

lubricin

51
Q

what is a simple synovial joint (diarthrosis)

A

only one pair of articulating surfaces are observed

52
Q

what is a compound synovial joint (diarthrosis)

A

more than two articulating surfaces are present in the same synovial joint

53
Q

what is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)

A

within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus

54
Q

what are the classifications of synovial joints (diarthroses) based on type of movement

A

nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial synovial joints

55
Q

what are the accommodated by nonaxial synovial joints

A

translational movement, a plane or gliding movement

56
Q

what morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as non-axial

A

plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)

57
Q

what movements are accommodated by uniaxial synovial joints

A

a single combination of movements relative to a single axis; flexion-extension or medial rotation-lateral rotation

58
Q

what morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial

A

hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)

59
Q

what movements are accommodated by biaxial synovial joints

A

movement in two independent planes at right angles to each other: flexion-extension combined with adduction-abduction

60
Q

what morphologic classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial

A

bicondylar, condylar, ellipsoidal and saddle

61
Q

what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial

A

ball and socket, (dairthrosis enarthrosis),(diarthrosis spheroidal),(diarthrosis cotyloid)

62
Q

what are examples of synovial plane joints

A

most zygapophyses of the vertebarl column intercarpal, carpometacarpal and inermetacarpal joints of the hand intercumeiform, tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints of the foot

63
Q

what are examples of synovial hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) joints

A

humero-ulnar joint of the elbow and the interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes

64
Q

what are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints

A

median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint

65
Q

what is the shared morphological characteristics of diarthrosis trochoid joints

A

an osseous pivot joint and an osteo-ligamentous ring

66
Q

what are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints

A

temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee

67
Q

what are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints

A

radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column

68
Q

which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks

A

ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints

69
Q

what are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints

A

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot

70
Q

what are examples of diarthosis cotyloid joints

A

femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus-glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder

Spinal Anatomy Fall 2015 (29 decks)

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