Exam I Arthrology Flashcards
what term is used to identify the study of ligaments
syndesmology
what are the three histological classifications of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid
what are the three classifications of joints based on movement potential
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis
which classification of synarthrosis joints implies a bond condition
syndesmosis
what is the classification of a joint help together with cartilage
synchondrosis
what is the classification of a joint formed by a growth condition
symphysis
what is the name given to a condition in which bones are fused together by bone
synostosis
what is the condition in which teeth are abnormally aligned during closure of the mouth
malocclusion
what fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of syndesmosis
interosseous ligament
what are the classic examples of the less moveable or fixed syndesmosis
tibia-fibula shaft articulation, radio-ulnar shaft articulation, coraco-clavicular joint or tympano-stapedial joint
what are the examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column
most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column and ligamentous sacro-iliac joints
what are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
they are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longevity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template
what are examples of temporary cartilage joints
metaphysis, neuro-central joint, neural arch joint, chondrocranium
what are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint
which cartilage joint classification would be considered secondary
(amphiarthrosis) symphysis
what type of cartilage is charactaristic of the (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage
what are the charactaristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
what are classic examples of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, sternal symphysis and symphysis menti
which example of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary
symphysis menti
what are the four constituent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints
articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid
thickening of the fibrous capsule connective tissue will form the
capsular ligament
what generic accessory ligaments may accompany and support the capsular ligament
intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments
what are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors
located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”
what term is used to identify the study of joints
arthrology
what are the characteristics of type II articular receptors
located in the deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion
what are the characteristics of type III articular receptors
present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble golgi tendon organs, not initially observed in the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion
what is the function of type IV articular fibers
nociceptive, they monitor pain
type IVa articular receptors would be present in what locations
fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels
type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations
accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
type IV receptors would be absent in what part(s) of the synovial (diarthrosis) joint
synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial menisci or intra-articular discs
what are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane
synovial villi, articular fat pads or haversian glands, synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
what is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membrane
aid in spreading synovial fluid
what is the apparent function of synovial villi
increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion- absorption phenomena
where are the articular fat pads located
in the fibrous layer of synovial membrane; they are absent from articular cartilage, synovial menisci, intra-articular disc
articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column
lumbar zygapophyses
intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints examples
temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints
synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples
femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygapophyses
what are the layers of the synovial membrane
outer fibrous layer and an inner (lumenal) cellular layer AKA synovial laminia intima
what are the specific functions of type A synovial cells
are phagocytic
waht is the specific function of type B synovial cells
secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
what are the primary constituents of articular cartilage
water, cells, collagen type II fibers and proteoglycan gel
what is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage
form a network for water retention
what is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties
cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property
what is implied when cartilage is said to have a viscoelastic property
cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property
which joint theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid
weeping theory
which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of remaining synovial fluid
boosted theory
which theory of joint lubrication implies an ABSORPTION of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement
boundary theory
what are the properties of synovial fluid
it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty
which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior
hyaluronate
what substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior
lubricin
what is a simple synovial joint (diarthrosis)
only one pair of articulating surfaces are observed
what is a compound synovial joint (diarthrosis)
more than two articulating surfaces are present in the same synovial joint
what is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)
within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus
what are the classifications of synovial joints (diarthroses) based on type of movement
nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial synovial joints
what are the accommodated by nonaxial synovial joints
translational movement, a plane or gliding movement
what morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as non-axial
plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
what movements are accommodated by uniaxial synovial joints
a single combination of movements relative to a single axis; flexion-extension or medial rotation-lateral rotation
what morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial
hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
what movements are accommodated by biaxial synovial joints
movement in two independent planes at right angles to each other: flexion-extension combined with adduction-abduction
what morphologic classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial
bicondylar, condylar, ellipsoidal and saddle
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial
ball and socket, (dairthrosis enarthrosis),(diarthrosis spheroidal),(diarthrosis cotyloid)
what are examples of synovial plane joints
most zygapophyses of the vertebarl column intercarpal, carpometacarpal and inermetacarpal joints of the hand intercumeiform, tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints of the foot
what are examples of synovial hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) joints
humero-ulnar joint of the elbow and the interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes
what are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints
median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint
what is the shared morphological characteristics of diarthrosis trochoid joints
an osseous pivot joint and an osteo-ligamentous ring
what are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints
temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee
what are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints
radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks
ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints
what are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
what are examples of diarthosis cotyloid joints
femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus-glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder
