Exam Flashcards Q1
may be considered that writing which is personal, emotional, impressionistic, or subjective in nature
NON-ACADEMIC TEXT
it can be more informal in tone, and may even rely more heavily on emotional appeal or the opinions of the author
NON-ACADEMIC TEXT
Examples of Academic Text
book review
reaction paper
books
book report
translations
conference paper
academic journal
abstract
explication
is defined as critical, objective, specialized texts written by experts or professionals in a given field using formal language
ACADEMIC TEXT
are based on facts with solid basis
ACADEMIC TEXT
is generally quite formal, objective (impersonal) and technical
ACADEMIC TEXT
it is formal by avoiding casual or conversational language, such as informal vocabulary or contractions (“don’t” = “do not”)
ACADEMIC TEXT
it is impersonal objective by avoiding direct reference to people or feelings and it is based on facts and not on opinions
ACADEMIX TEXT
it is technical by using vocabulary specific to the discipline
ACADEMIC TEXT
What is Academic Discipline
To be a good academic writer, you need to learn the specific styles and structures for your discipline
Academic Discipline examples
Business
Social Studies
Humanities
Natural Applied Sciences
There are specific words or vocabulary which are only suited for a specific discipline
Academic Discipline
it examines, evaluates, and makes an argument about a literary work
LITERARY ANALYSIS
it goes beyond mere summarization
LITERARY ANALYSIS
it requires careful close reading of one or multiple texts and often focuses on a specific characteristic, theme, or motif
LITERARY ANALYSIS
it uses outside information to support a thesis or make an argument
RESEARCH PAPER
are written in all disciplines
RESEARCH PAPER
may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature
RESEARCH PAPER
common research sources include data, primary sources (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer-reviewed scholarly articles).
RESEARCH PAPER
it involves synthesizing this external information with your own ideas
RESEARCH PAPER
it is a document submitted at the conclusion of a Ph.D. program
DISSERTATION
a book-length summarization of the doctoral candidate’s research
DISSERTATION
may be done as a part of a class, in a program of study, or for publication in an academic journal or scholarly book of articles around a theme by different authors
ACADEMIC PAPERS
a well-structured text enables the reader to follow the argument and navigate the text
TEXT STRUCTURES
two common structures of ACADEMIC TEXT:
- 3 Part essay structure
- IMRaD structure
The three-part essay structure consists of:
- INTRODUCTION
- BODY
- CONCLUSION
its purpose is to clearly tell the reader the topic, purpose and structure of the paper
INTRODUCTION
it might be between 10% and 20% of the length of the whole paper
INTRODUCTION
Three main parts of INTRODUCTION:
- The most general information
- The core of the introduction
- The most specific information
“what is the topic about?”
BODY
it may elaborate directly on the topic sentence by giving definitions, classifications, explanations, contrasts, examples and evidence
BODY
it expounds the specific ideas for the readers to have a better understanding of the topic
BODY
if the introduction begins with general information and ends with specific information, the conclusion moves in the opposite direction
CONCLUSION
begins by briefly summarizing the main scope or structure of the paper
CONCLUSION
confirms the topic that was given in the introduction
CONCLUSION
ends with a more general statement about how this topic relates to its context
CONCLUSION
“Mirror image” of the introduction
CONCLUSION
sections of the IMRaD structure
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
usually depicts the background of the topic and the central focus of the study
INTRODUCTION
lets your readers know your data collection methods, research instrument employed, sample size and so on
METHODOLOGY
states the brief summary of the key findings or the results of your study
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
it is an argument about the work that expresses a writer’s personal perspective, interpretation, judgement, or critical evaluation of the work
LITERARY ANALYSIS
its purpose is to demonstrate why the author used specific ideas, word choices, or writing structures to convey his or her message
LITERARY ANALYSIS
How to create a LITERARY ANALYSIS
- Read the text closely several times
- Brainstorm a list of potential topics
- Think about what the author is trying to say
- Select a topic that has sufficient evidence
- Write a working thesis
- Make an extended list of evidence
- Refine the thesis
- Organize the evidence
- Interpret the evidence
- Create a rough draft
- Revise the analysis
- Proofread
This type of analysis typically focuses on mapping onto the piece one or more theories related to it and fleshing out the relationships between them
Theoretical
this is based on a thorough look into the literary work to discover nuances and details that appear minor but offer significance
Close Reading
This analysis can offer you a deeper insight into the author’s choices regarding the language
Close Reading
is a highly subjective essay that explores how various elements of the work under consideration relate to your personal experiences
Applied Analysis
puts the literary work in a broader context by directly comparing it to similar writings or other works by the same author.
Comparative or synergistic; Comparative Analysis
aims to focus on external elements related to the piece, such as the historical framework or the social peculiarities of the time and place in which the story occurs.
Contextual or historical; Contextual Literary Analysis
is a mode of paragraph development that answers questions
DEFINITION
is important because it clarifies the meaning of a word or concept and it also limits the scope of that particular word or concept
DEFINITION
an ode of paragraph development
DEFINITION
is needed to define abstract concept
EXTENDED DEFINITION
allows your to broaden your definition
EXTENDED DEFINITION
DEFINITIONS EXAMPLE:
Amazing: astounding,
surprising, stunning
Brave: courageous, valiant,
heroic
Cohesive: united,
connected, close-knit
Cunning: keen, sharp, slick
Fertile, fruitful, abundant,
productive
Injured: damaged,
wounded, harmed
Intelligent: brilliant, clever,
smart
Kindle: ignite, inflame, burn
It is a formal statement of the meaning or significance of a word, phrase, idiom, etc, as found in dictionary
DEFINITION
TYPES OF DEFINITION
FORMAL DEFINITION
INFORMAL DEFINITION
EXTENDED DEFINITION
FORMAL DEFINITION consists of:
The 3 Parts:
- Term
- Class or Concept
- Traits
based upon a concise, logical pattern that includes as much information as it can within a minimum space.
FORMAL DEFINITION
The writer uses known words or examples to explain an unknown terms.
INFORMAL DEFINITION
is a one or more paragraphs that attempt to explain a complex term
EXTENDED DEFINITION
It is needed to define an abstract concept
EXTENDED DEFINITION
It allows you to broaden your definition using analogy, metaphors, comparison and contrast, descriptions, analysis, function, etymology, and semantic origin
EXTENDED DEFINITION
They are ideas and principles that are associated with something abstract
CONCEPT
an article about gender differences in 1985. It talks about how some men dislikes being a man because of socially constructive ideas of manhood. It talks about the concept of a man of the author and the society
BEING A MAN
are defined as abstract ideas or general notions that occur in the mind, in speech, or in thought
CONCEPT
they are understood to be the fundamental building blocks of thoughts and beliefs
CONCEPT
they play an important role in all aspects of cognition
CONCEPT
help organize thinking
CONCEPT
assist ability to think and communicate with the speed and efficiency
CONCEPT
CONCEPT EXAMPLES
POVERTY CYCLE
AMERICAN DREAM
METACOGNITION
WRITING PROCESS
PARANOIA
3 Basic elements concept
CATEGORY
CONCEPT
TRAITS
is a collection of instances which are treated as if they were the same
CATEGORY
refers to all the knowledge that one has about a category
CONCEPT
particular characteristic, quality, or tendency is inherent in someone or something
TRAITS
KINDS OF CONCEPT
FORMAL CONCEPT
NATURAL CONCEPT
clearly defined by a set of rules, a formal definition, or a classification system
FORMAL CONCEPT
acquired through everyday perception and experiences
NATURAL CONCEPT
MEANING OF CONCEPTS
DENOTATIVE
CONNOTATIVE
exact dictionary definition of a word or concept
DENOTATIVE
emotional or personal meaning of a concept
CONNOTATIVE
can begin with a synonym, a brief phrase, or a formal
sentence that explains the term/field in its most basic form
DEFINITION
derives from the Greek word ἐτυμολογία (etumología),
itself from ἔτυμον (étumon)
Etymology
Finish this sentence:
meaning “true ____ or sense of _____”
“true sense or sense of a truth”
refers to a word or morpheme
ETYMON
explaining by comparing two dissimilar topics, where the second is familiar to the audience
DEFINITION BY USING ANALOGY
is a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn’t literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison
DEFINITION BY METAPHORS
are a form of figurative language, which refers to words or expressions that mean something different from their literal definition
DEFINITION BY METAPHORS
comparing is showing the similarities, and contrasting is showing differences between two things that are related in some way.
DEFINITION BY COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
the act, process, art, or technique of describing or picturing in words
DEFINITION BY USING DESCRIPTION
is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it.
DEFINITION BY USING ANALYSIS
is the normal action of something or how something
works
DEFINITION BY USING FUNCTION
is the study of language and its meaning
DEFINITION BY USING SEMANTICS ORIGIN
was first used by Michel Bréal, a French philologist in 1883,
SEMANTICS
SEMANTICS was first used by
Michel Bréal, a French philologist in 1883,
refers to an academic or research paper that is written with the primary purpose of identifying and explaining an idea or concept
CONCEPT PAPER
may also be written to provide an overview of a project by summarizing what it’s about
CONCEPT PAPER
useful for student and entrepreneurs alike
CONCEPT PAPER
Purposes of a CONCEPT PAPER
- Serves as a foundation of the full proposal
- Helps determine whether a certain project is feasible or not
- Used to pique the interest of the potential funding
- Used to obtain informal feedback on the ideas prior to preparing the full proposal
way of explaining a concept
DEFINITION
EXPLICATION
CLARIFICATION
a method of identifying a term and making its meaning clearer
DEFINITION
a method of explanation in which sentences, verses, quotes, or passages are taken away from a literary or academic work and then interpreted and explained in detailed way
EXPLICATION
entails the analysis of the concept by looking at the examples
CLARIFICATION
elements of a concept paper
i. Introduction
ii. Purpose, Need, or Rationale
iii. Project Description
iv. Support or Budget
v. Contact Information
guidelines in WRITING
- Cost and methodology should be reasonable
- Budget, methodology, and timeline should be clearly mentioned
- Use statistics and figures when discussing the rational for the project
- Limit to only 5 pages or less (excluding the title page). Do no overwhelm the readers with unnecessary details
- Never request funding for planning the proposal
- Refrain from using jargon when your targeted readers are not professionals or experts
- Include the overview of the budget if it is required or you may simply include the type of support you require or need
- Be sure that the basic format details are incorporated, such as page numbers
- Cite your references
is a document which summarizes what your project is about, why it is important, and how you intend to carry it out.
CONCEPT PAPER
It consists of the topic under research, the hypothesis that you seek to approve or disprove, research questions, data required, and methods of obtaining
CONCEPT PAPER
____ Identify how you will analyze, interpret, and present the data
____Develop a research hypothesis from each of the research questions that you
have listed
____ Identify the kind of data you need to answer these hypothetical questions and
how you will gather the data
____Write down the research questions you need to research on depending on the
idea you have chosen
____Come up with a research topic that genuinely interests you
- Come up with a research topic that genuinely interests you
- Write down the research questions you need to research on depending on the
idea you have chosen - Develop a research hypothesis from each of the research questions that you
have listed - Identify the kind of data you need to answer these hypothetical questions and
how you will gather the data - Identify how you will analyze, interpret, and present the data
How you will gather the data?
Data can either be
primary
secondary,
qualitative or quantitative.
difference b/w primary
- real time data
- sure about sources of data
- help to give results/ finding
- costly and time consuming process
- avoid biasness of response
- more flexible
difference b/w secondary data
- past data
- not sure about of sources of data
- refining the problem
- cheap and no time consuming process
- can not know in data biasness or not
- less flexible
“NUMERICAL” data
“CATEGORICAL” data
(QUANTITATIVE DATA)
(QUALITATIVE DATA)
STRUCTURE OF CONCEPT PAPER
- The Title Page
- Introduction and statement of the problem
- Value of the study
- A preliminary literarture review
- State the research goals or obectives
- Write down all the research
- The Research Hypothesis
- State the Methodology you inted to use
- A timeline for completion of each element of the research project
- Outline citation
You should begin with a title that fully summarizes what the project you are carrying out is about.
THE TITLE PAGE
This serves as the most important part of the concept paper.
INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
You need to back up your passion for the topic under research with solid literature that supports the topic,
A PRELIMINARY LITERATURE REVIEW
This is a broad statement or statements of what the research seeks to achieve
STATE THE RESEARCH GOALS OR OBJECTIVES
It should start with ‘to’ and answer the questions who, what, when, which, or how
STATE THE RESEARCH GOALS OR OBJECTIVES
These are important as they will direct you on every research area
WRITE DOWN ALL THE RESEARCH
stem from the research topic or the research
questions and are, therefore, easy to draft
THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
They are a statement of the situation you anticipate based on some prior knowledge you have, even before you carry out the research
THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
states the ‘how’ of carrying out the research.
STATE THE METHODOLOGY YOU INTEND TO USE
or just METHODOLOGY
important to lay out just how much time you may need to complete each element of the research project
A TIMELINE FOR COMPLETION OF EACH ELEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT
In this section, you need to set a time frame that is realistic.
A TIMELINE FOR COMPLETION OF EACH ELEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT
defines an idea or a concept and explains its essence in order to clarify the “whatness” of that idea or concept.
CONCEPT PAPER
starts with an expanded definition, either formal or informal, of the term or the concept and proceeds with an expanded definition and an analytic description of the aspects of the concept
CONCEPT PAPER
is completed prior to the dissertation proposal and serves as a development tool and summary of the planned dissertation
RESEARCH CONCEPT PAPER
is a brief document
CONCEPT PAPER
may range from as few as 2-3 pages to as many as 10-20 pages
CONCEPT PAPER
its essential point is to explain the importance of a particular research project.
CONCEPT PAPER
initiates the dissertation phase of a doctoral degree which follows the completion of necessary coursework and training, and represents a culmination of the student’s learning
CONCEPT PAPER
is a student’s final academic effort to synthesize course material by applying their learning to a research project
DISSERTATION
acts as a summary of this project
CONCEPT PAPER
although highly abridged, is comprised of many of the same items found in a dissertation
CONCEPT PAPER
provides a tentative title for the dissertation
TITLE PAGE
should be a stand-alone statement that can fully describe the project by summarizing the main idea of the manuscript
TITLE PAGE
should concisely identify the variables being investigated and the relationship among those variables (American Psychological Association [APA], 2010)
TITLE PAGE
provides the purpose for the research
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
introduces the problem under investigation, addresses why the researcher wants to investigate this problem
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
one of the most important sections of the Concept Paper; its serves to gain the reader’s attention and support
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
provides identification of major literature that supports and validates the topic
PRELIMINARY LITERATURE REVIEW
offers the student an opportunity to analyze and synthesize past research in the context of their present problem
PRELIMINARY LITERATURE REVIEW
provides a broad or abstract intention, including the research goals and objectives
GOAL STATEMENT
This part of the Concept Paper tells the reader “who, what and when” regarding the research goal.
GOAL STATEMENT
provides a preliminary view of the questions the student will investigate
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
are based on theory, past research, experience, and need
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
provides the student’s best idea on how to conduct the research and analyze the data
AN ABRIDGED METHODOLOGY
the goals and objects identified in previous sections of the Concept Paper should relate to the research methods described in this section
AN ABRIDGED METHODOLOGY
for the concept paper, this is simplified or summarized, serving as a general outline of the methods that will be employed
AN ABRIDGED METHODOLOGY
provides a range of time for completion of the project, highlighting key elements for each stage of the project
TIMELINE
This element is unique to the Concept Paper and provides the student structure for managing sections of the project within a realistic time frame
TIMELINE
provides references to the material cited in the literature review and elsewhere in the Concept Paper
REFERENCES
Paperman
REACTION PAPER; by WALKT DISNEY ANIMATION directed by John Kahrs
