exam 8 Flashcards
mammography
imaging of breast
mamm - o - graphy
bilingual
bastard
abdominoplasty
reshaping of abdomen
appendectomy
cutting out of appendix
acanthosis nigricans
blackening hyperplasia of the spinous layer of the skin
heterochromia iridis
the presence of 2 colors in same iris
neuroma cutis
tumor made up of nerve cells located in skin
raphe palari
seem along midline of palates
syndesmoses columnae vertebralis
fibrous joints holding the vertebral column in place
syn- = together
actin-
ray
ray
actin-
-agog-
inducing flow of
expelling
-agogue
inducing flow of
expelling
inducing flow of
expelling
-agog
-agogue
ambly-
dull blunt lazy
dull blunt
ambly-
amblyopia
dull/blunt vision
brachy-
short
short
brachy-
campt-
bent
bent
campt-
cel-
celi-
coel
cavity (esp. in abdomen)
cavity (esp in abdomen)
cel, celi-, coel
-cele
hernia, swelling
hernia, swelling
-cele
cente-
to puncture
to puncture
cente-
doch-
to take, receive, contain
to take, receive, contain
doch-
dolich-
long
long
dolich
gloss, glott, glot
tongue
tongue
gloss, glott, glot-
hapl-
single
single
hapl-
ichthy-
ichthyos-
fish
fish
ichthy-
ichthyos
ischi
hip
hip
ischi
lal
to talk
to talk
lal
mel
limb
limb
mel
nem , nemat
thread
thread
nem, nemat
pen-
deficiency
lack
deficiency, lack
pen-
poie
to make
to make
poie-
presby
old
old
presby
pyel-
pelvis (esp kidney)
pelvis (esp. kidney)
pyel
rhaph, rrhaph-
to sew, suture
to sew, suture
rhaph, rrhaph
-rrhag
excessive discharge
excessive discharge
-rrhag
stear, steat
fat
fat
stear
steat
stern
chest, breastbone
chest, breastbone
stern
xer
dry
dry
xer-
lipopenia
deficiency or lack of fat
lactagogue
agent promotes flow of milk
hidropoiesis
form and secrete sweat
pyeloduodenal
related to renal pelvis and duodenum
steariform
fat like
amblyopia
dullness of vision due to abnormal development
choledochocele
rare form of dilation (swelling) of common bile duct
ischiovertebral
related to hip and vertebral column
ovariocentesis
surgical puncture of an ovary
camptomelia
bending of limbs producing permanent disfigurement
disease that is single or uncomplicated
haplopathy
related to hip and femur
ischiofemoral
surgical puncture of abdomen
abdominocentesis
suturing of common bile duct
choledochorrhaphy
discharge of blood
bleeding
hemorrhaging
instrument for measuring rays (of sun)
actinometer
having to do with muscle and blood vessels
myovascular
deficiency in any cells of the blood
hemocytopenia
changes in skin associated with aging
old skin
presbyderma
related to breastbone and ribs
sternocostal
inhabiting intestinal cavity of body
coelozoic
having simple molar teeth without cusps or ridges
haplodont
chemical used to kill thread-like worm
nematocide
having shorter figure than is normal
brachymorphic
poison administered thru stings or spines of venomous fish
ichthyacanthotoxin
deformity of forward flexion or bending of trunk
camptocormia
process of producing RBCs
erythrcytopoiesis
agent that stimulates secretion
secretagogue
hernial protrusion of urinary bladder
vesicocele
excessively rapid, pressured speech in bipolar
tachylalia
hemorrhagenic
causes discharge of blood
hyperpresbyopia
excessive impairment of vision due to old age
gingivoglossitis
inflamed gums and tongue
ichthyosiform
fishy cutaneous disorder, marked by scaly skin
nematodiasis
infection by nematode parasites
dacryocystocele
hernial protrusion of lacrimal sac
transcoelomic
spreading by extension thru visceral cavity
route of tumor metastasis across a body cavity
actinomyces
fungus with ray or rod shaped filaments
subbrachycephalic
having short, broad head
antixeropthalmic
counteracting dryness of eyes
steatopygia
excessive fatness of buttocks
tympanosclerosis
presence of hard masses of tissue around auditory ossicles
fibromyalgia
pain and stiffness in muscles and joints
ventrocystorrhaphy
stitching of bladder to abdominal wall
ultradolichocephalic
extremely long narrow head
hyperemesis gravidarum
excessive vomiting of pregnant woman
synagogue
lead together
pedagogue
child leader
amblyopia
lazy eye
lazy eye
amblyopia
choledoch
contains bile (gallbladder)
doch- = take, receive, contain
nematode
thread shaped worm
peninsula
almost an island
pen- = lack, deficient
retroperitoneum
membrane that envelops and stretches around abdominal cavity
kidney
from ren, renes –> renal
perinpehrium
around the kidney
actinometer
measures solar radiation
short head
brachycephalic
brachycephalic
short head
camptomelia
bent limbs
bent limbs
camptomelia
Dacrocystocele
hernia of lacrimal duct
Abdominocentesis
puncture of abdomen
Choledochorrhaphy
surgical union of bile duct by suturing a seam
Dolichocephalic
long head
glossocele
swelling tongue
Ichthyosis
fishy/scaly condition
rhinolalia
having nasal voice
Nematocide
kill thread like worms
lipopenia
deficiency of fat
Hemocytopenia
blood cell deficiency
hidropoiesis
making sweat
erythrocytopoiesis
making RBCs
Presbyopia
not being able to see close due to old age/vision
not being able to see close due to old age/vision
presbyopia
presbyterian
aged skin
Palatorrhaphy
cure/repair left palate
Ventrocystorraphy
attachment gallbladder/bladder (cyst) to abdominal wall
steariform
fatty shape
elephantiasis
infection by nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes bites
Lymphatic filariasis
causes swelling
lympha
clear, watery fluid
combined clear (limpidus) and nymph
why is lymph fluid clear
clear liquid pushed out of capillaries bc RBCs stay in
lympha in ovid
he sees a pool of clear water (lympha); a nymph dwells there
lymph vessels
lymph fluid drains INTO these vessels
lymph fluid drains into…
lymph vessels
3 functions of lymph vessels
lymph fluid drains here and
1. clears lymph
2. immunity
3. transport fat
lymph vessel function 1
clear lymph fluid into ducts and bloodstream
lymph vessels function 2
immunity: lymph nodes destroy bacterias
lymph vessels function 3
vessels near small intestine TRANSPORT FAT
lymph vessels called lacteals absorb chyle (milky fluid with digestive fat) and transport it to thoracic duct from which it enters bloodstream
lymphatic system
2 ducts (right ducts and thoracic duct)
lymph nodes
afferent and efferent vessels
lymphocytes
2 lymphatic ducts
right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct
return lymph fluid to blood thru veins
function of 2 lymphatic ducts
return lymph fluid to blood thru veins
lymph nodes
from nodus = knot
1. axillary armpit
surrounded by capsule which has trabeculae (from trabs “beam, timber”)
knot
nodus –> node
feature of lymph nodes
surrounded by capsule, which has trabeculae (from trabs, “beam, timber”)
afferent and efferent vessels
carry lymph in and out
lymphocytes
identify and destroy foreign particles and cancer cells during phagocytosis (cell eating)
lacteals
near small intestine
lymph vessels that absorb chyle (milky fluid with digestive fat)
transport fat to thoracic duct to enter bloodstream
chyle
milky fluid with digestive fat
absorbed by lacteal lymph vessels near small intestine that transport fat to thoracic duct
cisterna chyli
sac at Lower end of thoracic duct that receives chyle from small intestine
sac at Lower end of thoracic duct that receives chyle from small intestine
cisterna chyli
cistern of chyle (container collects chyle)
other lymph organs
spleen == filters blood
tonsils from tonsilla == filter particles from air
thymus == makes WBCs and active in babies
how many lymph nodes in body
800
trabeculae
beam, timber
capsule surrounding lymph nodes
diminutive little beams
chyle
milky fluid with digested fat
absorbed by lacteals vessels
Cardiovascular
relates to heart and vessels
mononucleosis
abnormally high number of mononuclear leukocytes in blood
have “mono”
poliomyelitis
inflamed gray matter of spine
streptococcus
twisted berry
bacterial organism with spherical clusters linked together in chain like twisted series
strept = twisted
coccus
berry
berry
coccus
strept
twisted
cancer
based on comparison to KARKINOS = CRAB
outgrowth of tumors resembles legs of crab
crab
karkinos — cancer
capillary
blood vessels similar in shape to LITTLE HAIRS from head
sea horse
hippocampus
hippocampus
sea horse
provides transportation to sea gods like neptune
lupus
wolf
for disorders marked by discolored skin and voracious nature of affliction
wolf
lupus
pica
magpie
compulsive eating of non-nutritious substances
from bird like crow
parorexia
pica
polyp
poly + pus
many footed creature (octopus) –> nasal tumor is protruding outgrowth from mucous membrane
solar plexus
network
complex of nerves in pit of stomach so called bc of radiating appearance
sun-like network
coel = cavity
plexus coeliacus
cavity
coel
diet
from diaita = manner of life, behavior
intoxication
State of having ingested a poison → drunkenness
disease
lack of ease
idiot
Idiotes = layperson now describe person of weak intellectual ability
nausea
nautia
sea sickness now for any feeling of sickness, esp. inclination to vomit
Physician
physis = nature
phy = to grow
physikos = philosopher of nature now dr
plague
strike blow
Now for infectious disease especially caused by bacterium yersinia pestis
Specification and intensification
types of word change
specification
intensification
flu
influenza
from influentia = influence, flowing in
epidemics could be caused by astrological conditions
Influentia referred to flowing in of astral emissions that could affect change sin world
lunatic
someone with mental ailment caused by movements of moon
gonorrhea
STI caused by bacterium neisseria gonorrhoeae = hypersexuality
Asymptomatic women
So called bc white discharge from men was assumed to be semen = other name is spermatorrhea
“Gomorrhea” = hypersexuality of ppl in city gomo
hypochondria
under the cartilage (black bile resides)
Disorder where patient believes they are suffering a serious illness
Notion that melancholy = black bile is humor responsible for depression/anxiety originated in area below costal cartilages
Melancholy and humor
Under the cartilage bc black bile thought to sit here
hysteria
mental disturbance and displaced womb
malaria
Bad air - aer
Illness thought to be caused by atmosphere around marshy areas and now caused by mosquito
glomerulus
little clump
strep full name
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
pituitary
mucus, slime
Thought to secrete nasal mucus, gland is now known to secret endocrine hormones
Hypophysis undergrowth bc it hangs under hypothalamus
acne
corrupted from ACME
= high point, peak
describes pimples or peak of adolescence
lymph
corrupted from lympha, limpa = clear liquid but connected to nymphe in clear ponds
migraine
corrupted from hemicrania = headache affecting 1 side
palsy
altered paralysis
convex
vaulted, rounded
vaulted, rounded
convex
hallux, halluc
big toe
hern-
herni-
rupture
rupture
hern, herni-
big toe
hallux/c
lumb-
loin
lumbar
loin (lumbar)
lumb-
plant-
sole of foot
sole of foot
plant-
radix, radic
root
eradicate
radic = root
tear away from/down to the root
scoli-
curved, bent, crooked
curved, bent, crooked
scoli
eukaryotic
good nuclei
organelles
little organs
prokaryotic
nucleus and organs are NOT bound by membranes
cilia
hairs
flagellum
little whip allows locomotion
lunatic
from luna = moon
Extensor hallucus longus
long extender of big toe
plantar fasciitis
inflammation of fascia of sole of foot
plantar flexion
ability to flex (down) the sole of the foot
radical
extreme; all the way down to the root
radish
roots
scoliosis
curvature of spine during growth spurts
ichthys symbol
Jesus fish
synagogue
brings ppl together
what do lacteals do
lymph vessels near small intestine absorb chyle and transport fat into thoracic duct – bloodstream
choledochorrhaphy
surgical union of bile duct by suture
etymology of lympha
Latin adj. limpidus = clear
Greek noun nymphe
lympha roots/parts
limpidus = clear
nymphe
which story of Ovid’s Metamorphoses a mention of lympha and nympha?
story about how the young Hermaphroditus became part female
anatomy of lymph nodes
nodus = knot
1. capsule (small container)
2. trabecular (from trabs = beam timber) small beam
3. afferent and efferent
4. lymphocytes
why is cisterna an appropriate name for a component of the lymphatic system?
cistern collects rainwater and cisterna chyli is sac that collects chyle
about elephantiasis
severe lymphedema
swelling due to lymph fluids
to root out
eradicate
bending of the sole of the foot
plantar flexion
patient 1 study
stable gait but antalgic
disc herniation of L4-5 with facet hypertrophy
lateral recess stenosis / foraminal stenosis
radiculopathy secondary to L4-5 herniated disc
recommend: injections or surgery to excise herniated disc
antalgic
abnormal walking secondary to pain causing limp
facet hypertrophy
facet joint becomes too swollen and enlarged, it may block the openings through which the nerve roots pass, causing a pinched nerve.
so enlarged they put pressure on spinal nerves
microdiscectomy
excision of herniated disc
radicula; radiculopathy
root
spinal cord nerve pinched
lateral recess stenosis
foraminal stenosis
narrowing of spinal region causes pinched nerve and pain
stenosis
narrowing
(causes pinched nerves)
plexus coeliacus
solar network
coel = cavity
celiac plexus
celiac plexus
social plexus network
herniated disc
slipped
spinal disc pushes through crack
pinches nearby nerves
patient 2
subdural hematoma = below dura mater layer blood clot
achilles tendon
calcaneal tendon
achilles was dipped by ankle into river styx for immortality
cancaneal tendon
tendon of the heel
achilles dipped by heel
atlas
of vertebra
named from atlas giant of titan and holds vault of heaven as punishment
c1 supports head/heavens
caput medusae
head of medusa
dilated cutaneous veins around umbilicus belly button
PORTAL HYPERTENSION cause
ASCITES (wine) fluid builds up/swells in abdomen
portal hypertension
causes caput Medusae
causes:
- gynecomastia
- ascites (wine skin)
- edema of legs
gynecomastia
condition of developing woman-like breast tissue mass
ascites
caused from caput Medusae and portal hypertension
wineskin condition when fluid builds up in abdomen
hymen
membrane
god of marriage
mons veneris
the mons pubis (pubic mound) of woman is rounded fleshy bone named for Venus Roman goddess of love and sex
aphrodite
venus
for mons veneris, aphrodisiac and venereal
aphrodisiac
stims sex desire
ascites cause
fluid builds up in abdomen
portal hypertension and caput medusae
chimerism
in genetics, presence of distinct cells of diff origin in an individual.
named from chimera, hybrid monster of lion goat serpent
chimera
hybrid monster of lion goat serpent – chimerism is presence of distinct cells of diff origin in an individual.
gigantism
excess growth stature
from giants born of Gaia
hermaphrodite
born w male and female sex organs
Hermaphroditus became conjoined with nymph and possessed dual sexuality
narcissism
Died either by suicide, falling in and drowning, turned into flower
panic
from pan, in nature where strange sounds are heard and feared
priapism
persistent abnormal erection of penis without sexual desire
primps god of fertility and sexuality marked by constant erect penis
assoc. w prosperity and good luck
satyriasis
hyper sexuality
being a satyr
hybrid creature constantly craves sex
nymphomania
venereal
disease transmitted by sexual contact
having to do with Venus/APHRODITE
AMMONIA
colorless alkaline gas that can be toxic emitted by salt of Ammon
salt of Ammon obtained by romans near temple of Jupiter Ammon in Egypt
atropine
poisonous alkaloid named for Atropos, god of FATE
atropos = not turning, inflexible inevitable fate
3 sister fates weave fate
atropos
god of not turning, inflexible inevitable fate –> atropine poison
morphine
from Morpheus, son of sleep
morpheus is god of dreams
morpheus
god of dreams — morphine
neptunium
radioactive from splitting uranium
Came directly after uranium in periodic table and neptune is 1 planet farther
sphingosine
amino alcohol named after spinx hybrid female famed for riddles
coron
crown
crown
coron
farc, farct
stuff, cram
stuff, cram
farc, farct-
farce
absurd, stuffed with things
isch
to suppress
to suppress
isch
lu, lut-
to wash
to wash
lu, lut-
mitr-
bandage, waistband
bandage, waistband
mitr-
mitral valve
ram-
branch
branch
ram-
thromb
clot
clot
thromb
ischemia
reduced/suppressed blood flow
ischiuria
suppressed urine flow
Eponyms
named after person
Auscult-
auscultat-
to listen
to listen
Auscult-
auscultat-
inguin
groin
groin
inguin
palp
to touch, stroke
to touch, stroke
palp-
Pharynx, pharyng-
throat
throat
Pharynx, pharyng-
tuss
cough
cough
tuss
Angiography and ventriculography
imaging the blood vessels and ventricles
Prolapse
to fall ahead/forward
pericoronal
around crown of tooth
infarct
a small localized area of dead tissue resulting from failure of blood supply. area of ischemic necrosis or death
infarction
he process that leads to this ischemic necrosis
ischemia
reduced blood flow
abluent
washing away impurity
cleansing
washing away impurity
cleansing
abluent
elution
extracting a substance that is adsorbed to another by washing it with a solvent
thrombolysis
break up blood clots
nother name for the vein of Galen?
The great cerebral vein
the great cerebral vein
vein of galen
Myocardial Infarction
crammed heart attack
Eustachian tube:
channel connects the nasopharynx and tympanic cavity and adjusts pressure in cavity to external pressure
Named after eustachius
fallopian tube
slender tube that extends from upper cornu of uterus to region of ovary on same side
named after italian fallopius
vein of galen
internal great cerebral veins
Islets of Langerhans:
structures in pancreas making its endocrine part (beta cells produce insulin (island)
Named after german langerhans
Diff. types of cells (alpha, beta (creates insulin from insula = island), delta
Torcular herophili:
confluence of sinuses at back of skull
Wine cellar (cavity) of herophilus
Wine cellar (cavity) of herophilus
Torcular herophili:
confluence of sinuses at back of skull
Torcular herophili
Falx cerebri:
sickle of the brain
sickle of the brain
falx cerebri
vena galeni
the vein of galen = the great cerebral vein
Alzheimer’s
progressive central neurodegenerative disorder with marked changes in personality and memory, progressing to severe dementia
Alois alzheimer
Facies hippocratica:
shrunken, pale aspect of countenance immediately before death,
Described in hippocratic writings
Leishmaniasis
infection caused by leishmania, parasitic protozoon
Listeriosis
infection caused by listeria monocytogenes, affects humans and animals
Joseph lister → listerine namesake
Lou Gehrig’s disease:
progressive degeneration of motor neurons in brain and spinal cord
Parkinson’s
chronic, progressive neurological disorder marked by tremors, muscle rigidity, and slowing voluntary movement
Rickettsiosis
disease caused by rickettsia, bacteria transmitted by ticks/fleas/lice
Salmonellosis
infection by salmonella bacteria which causes food poisoning
Named after daniel salmon
Caesarean section:
thought julius caesa ancestor was born this way bc hypothesis of similarity between name Caesar and latin verb “caedere” = to cut
Pap smear:
exfoliative cytological staining procedure for detection and diagnosis of cancer
Named after papanicolaou
Pasteurization
process of heating food or liquids (esp milk_ to specific temperatures for specific time to eliminate microorganisms that would cause spoilage
Louis pasteur 1800s
Tommy john surgery:
surgical replacement of portion of ulnar collateral ligament with tendom from another part of body
Common for athletes, named after pitcher
divert
turn away
Pertussis
a strong whooping cough
Hippocratic oath
- treat those studying with you as family, treat all as brothers
- only practive within scope of expertise
- don’t give deadly drugs or abortive procedures
- down perform surgery
- don’t take advantage of any peple
- be confidential
Asculatation
listen to chest sounds
Palpable
can feel it
Palpitation
sense of feeling own heartbeat
Iterative: suggests frequently
Palpebra
eyebrow
feel them
Pharyngeal
relate to throat
Pharyngoscleroma
hardening/tumor of the throat
Diverticulosis
develop intestinal pouches and when those pouches get inflamed/infected → diverticulitis
patient 3 case
inferolateral myocardial infarction with elevated ST
procedure: distal right coronary artery compl. occluded
so do PCI balloon and catheter stent
no evidence of thrombus
PCI
percutaneous coronary intervention
(thru the skin) angioplasty
catheter stent to open vessels in heart
coronary arteries
supply blood the heart and look like upside down crown
Where are the islets of Langerhans located?
pancreas
What do the beta cells produce and what Latin word
does that come from?
beta cells on pancreas produce insulin
from insula (island)
both islets and insulin refer to islands
What does the torcular Herophili mean? what’s another name for it?
wine cellar/cavity of
Herophilus;
confluence of sinuses.
wine cellar/cavity of
Herophilus;
torcular Herophili
inguinal
in the groin
falx cerebri means what?
sickle of the brain
Who do bacteria and parasites tend to be named after
pathologists discover them
What is one disease named after a sufferer of it?
Lou Gehrig’s disease
one procedure named after the first person to undergo it?
Tommy John surgery
patient 4 case
post tussle vomiting
no rhinorrhea or palpitations
resolved pertussis
no pharyngeal erythema
mucosa is erythematous
anorexia nervosa
anorexia is greek
nervosa is latin
pharyngeal erythema
edema swelling
erythematous
abnormal redness of the skin or mucous membranes due to the accumulation of blood in dilated capillaries (as in inflammation
final patient case study
perennial allergic rhinitis
benign prostatic hypertrophy
diverticular disease (divert is Latin for “to turn away”)
obstructive sleep apnea
HENT (head, ears, nose, and throat): normocephalic
neck: no lymphadenopathy, no thyromegaly
gastrointestinal: no organomegaly
perennial allergic rhinitis
every year, seasonal nasa linflammation
benign prostatic hypertrophy
prostate enlargement
apnea
not breathing
gastroesophageal reflux disease
contents of stomach flow back int esophagus
diverticular disease
sacs and pouches occur thru herniation in colon and intestines
nephrolithiasis
kidney stones
renal calculi
cholecystectomy
remove gallbladder
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
EGD is diagnostic visualization of esophagus, stomach, duodenum
development of muscle tissue
myogenesis
nasobronchial
relates to nasal cavities and bronchi
abnormal frequency and liquidity of feces
diarrhea
toxemia
presence of toxins in the bloodstream
protozoacide
agent that kills protozoa
polymerization
formation of a compound molecule (of “many parts
hematopoietic
the making of blood cells
monomyoplegia
paralysis resisted to a single muscle
hepatolithiasis
hapato = liver
cholecystolithiasis
gallbladder
dacryolithiasis
lacrimal sac
enterolithiasis
intestinal
choledocholithiasis
bile duct
bilingual parts: mammography
mamm latin
graph greek
bilingual parts: abdominoplasty
abdomin latin
plasty greek
bilingual parts: appendectomy
append = latin
ectomy greek
bilingual parts: raphe palati
raphe greek
palati latin
similarities of hippocratic oaths
emphasis on teaching and confidentiality and treating coworkers as family/brothers
