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vert physics exam 1 study > exam 1 study night > Flashcards

exam 1 study night Flashcards

1
Q

acetylcholine

A

excitatory
in PNS at neuromuscular junctions
released by cholinergic neurons
implicated in Alzheimers

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2
Q

neurons release ACh

A

cholinergic
at neuromuscular junctions

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3
Q

synthesis of Ach

A

choline and acetyl coA in cytoplasm of synaptic terminals
- cholinergic

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4
Q

AChe

A

destroys/inhibits ACh
releases choline to resume for synthesis

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5
Q

nerve gas sarin

A

inhibits AChe
Ache inhibits ACh
inhibit Ache = buildup of ACh in synaptic cleft and overtime. receptors causes desensitization

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6
Q

ACh receptors

A
  1. nicotinic - ligand gated ion channel bind nicotine and ACh.
    ion channel permeable to K+ and Na
    - Na larger driving force = depolarization due to Na+ influx
  2. muscarinic - cholinergic receptor stimulated by Ach and muscarine . g protein or 2nd messenger coupled
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7
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

for ACh
ligand gated ion channel binds nicotine and Ach
permeable for k and Na
Na has greater driving force and Na influx causes depolarization

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8
Q

cholinergic

A

neurons release Ach

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9
Q

atropine

A

antagonist of muscarine receptors of Ach

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10
Q

antagonist of muscarine Ach receptors

A

atropine

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11
Q

Alzeihmers

A

depleted cholinergic neuron
increase beta amyloid proteins cause cell deth

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12
Q

biogenic amines

A

catecholamines and serotonin
small charged synthesized from Rs
DA, NE, Epi, Sero, Hist.

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13
Q

catecholamines

A

DA, NE, Epi (Y) –> L-dopa by rate limiting enz
epinephrine is NOT common NT in CNS but is major hormone of adrenals

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14
Q

Epi

A

major hormone from adrenals. not common NT
catecholamine

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15
Q

MAO

A

breaks down catecholamines

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16
Q

MAO inhibitors

A

drugs increase NE and DA in synapse by slowing down degradation

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17
Q

receptors for Epi and NE

A

METABOTROPIC 1. alpha androgenic:
a1 - act on postsynaptic nerve to change activity go K+ channels
a2 = act presynaptic to inhibit NE release
2. beta-androgenic
1,2,3 - stimulatory G proteins messenger increase cAMP in postsynaptic cell

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18
Q

CATECHOLAMINE RECEPTOR

A

metabotropic

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19
Q

serotonin

A

prod from W essential
slow onset
excitatory effect on muscles
inhibitory on sensations
NO activity during sleep
5-HT monoamine hormone

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20
Q

SRRI

A

inactivate presynaptic transport which mediates serotonin reuptake in presynaptic cell which increases the conc. of NT
By blocking its reuptake, SSRIs increase the concentration of serotonin in the synaptic cleft, enhancing neurotransmission

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21
Q

AA NT

A

glutamate and GABA, glycine

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22
Q

glutamate

A

AA NT
EXCITATORY
50% excitatory synapses in CNS
majority inotropic receptors

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23
Q

glutamate receptors

A

mostly inotropic in postsynaptic membranes
- AMPA, excitatory
- NMDA
channels

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24
Q

AMPA and NMDA receptors

A

channels
show cooperatively
receptors for glutamate excitatory in postsynaptic membranes
implicated in LTP

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25
LTP
excitatory NMDA and AMPA implicated lasting changes in strength of signal for learning and memory
26
glutamate LTP Mechanism
1. presynaptic neuron fires AP, glutamate released and binds both AMPA and NMDA on postsynaptic membrane. 2. AMPA rec. fun like excitatory postsynaptic rec. channel becomes permeable to both K and Na and NA influx depolarizes EPSP of postsynaptic cell NMDA channels mediate Ca flux when depolarized, Ca enters postsynaptic cell 3. Ca ions activate 2ndmessanger cascade with kinases and LTP
27
after LTP
subsequent APs will cause greater depolarization of postsynaptic membrane
28
NMDA receptors
excitatory postsynaptic channel receptor for glutamate 1. mediate Ca influx 2. excitotoxicity - injury spreads to adj. areas when glutamate containing cells die, glutamate excessively stims AMPA and NMDA nearby causing accumulation of toxic conc. Ca and cell death
29
GABA
AA NT INHIBITORY NT Modified glutamate can bind inotropic or metabotropic sev binding sites
30
GABA receptors
iono or metabotropic - inotropic increases Cl flux into cell = hyper polarization IPSP postsynaptic
31
GABA drugs
increase Cl flux thru GABA receptor ethanol from alc target gaba
32
ethanol on GABA
stimulates GABA synapses and inhibits excitatory glutamate synapses overall depression of activity
33
glycine
AA NT inhibitory interneurons release binds inotropic receptors on postsynaptic cells allow Cl to enter and prevent threshold for Pas essential to maintain balance of excitatory and inhibitory activity
34
glycine antagonist
strychnine imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory activity
35
glycine receptor
inotropic allows Cl to enter cell prevents threshold and AP
36
neuropeptides
2+ AAs w peptide bond derived from large precursor proteins on ribosomes in cell body/dendrite far from release either receptor broken down by peptidases in membranes
37
neuropeptide synthesis
from 2+ AA on ribosome in cell body large precursor protein invisible
38
peptidergic
neurons release 1+ peptide NT
39
endogenous opioids
neuropeptides beta endorphin dynorphin enkephalin opiates are analgesics - relieve pain
40
gases
nitric oxide, CO, HS produced by enzymes in terminals in response to Ca entry and diffuse out of sites
41
purines
ATP and adenose response to Ca influx adenosine derived from ATP
42
lipid
membrane phospholipid-derived eicosanoids like - prostaglandins, endocannabinoids in response to Ca entry and act as retrograde messengers - bind presynaptic target of THC
43
CNS
NO nerves
44
ganglia
PNS groups of cell bodies
45
forebrain
cerebrum: right and left hemisphere gray (cell bodies) and white matter (myelin) corpus callosum and cerebral cortex
46
cerebral cortex
4 lobes with gyrus and sulcus
47
brain stem
pons medulla midbrain
48
hindbrain
cerebellum movement, motor fxn
49
hypothalamus
homeostatic regulation connect to pituitary gland - endocrine
50
PNS
somatic autonomic -- PSNS and SNS
51
autonomic NS
enteric NS 2 neurons types
52
sympathetic NS neurons
neurons leave thoracic and lumbar regions
53
parasympathetic NS neurons
brain stem and sacral spine craniosacral
54
sympathetic ganglia
close to spinal cord form 2 chains trunks
55
sympathetic NS activity
body wide
56
SNS and PSNS NT
acetylcholine nicotinic receptors SNS also Norepi
57
majority Ach receptor
nicotinic
58
catecholamines type
hormone released into the blood
59
adrenergic receptors affinity
epinephrine - B2 NORepi - a1
60
choroidplexus
ependymal cells produces CSF
61
blood brain barrier
astrocytes, TJs
62
fun of myelin
prevent K+ leak of ions out for successful AP communication
63
warburg effect
Cancer cells prefer/rely more heavily on anaerobic glycolysis over aerobic respiration, even in the presence of oxygen can provide intermediates necessary for the biosynthesis of macromolecules Help adapt to the hypoxic microenvironment
64
Acclimatization
effectiveness of existing systems can be enhanced by prolonged exposure to an environment change; improved function of homeostatic system Reversible
65
norepinephrine affinity
a1
66
study the blood brain barrier
Immunofluorescence - label proteins with antibodies
67
neurovascular unit
endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and microglia
68
tight junction
comprised of occludin, adhesion, and junctional adhesion molecules as well as intracellular scaffold proteins. These transmembrane proteins are further linked to the cytoskeleton, establishing a high-resistance paracellular barrier to small ions
69
measure resting Vm
2 electrodes - 1 ref, 1 record.
70
effect of blocking electrogenic pump
Na would develop inside and cell would swell
71
voltage and patch clamp
manipulate membrane potential 2 electrodes to record Vm add in current electrode voltage clamp sets Vm anywhere measure amount of current flow at different Vms I = v/r
72
what to find from voltage clamp study
measure amount of current flow at different Vms I = v/r I = current conductance = opposite resistance
73
conductance
measure of current flow depends on permeability
74
clamp experiment.
set vm calc Ek and Nernst potential measure solve for conductance
75
capacitive flow
minus charge moves away from membrane OR ability for membrane stores electrical charge DUE to lipids
76
over distance, drop in membrane potential?
resistance to flow size of axon myelination reduces loss lose current to capacitance
77
capacitance
due to lipids, ability to store electrical charge conductance is flow of charge current (proteins allow channels and permeability)
78
conductance depends on
inverse resistance how many channels open probability of channel channel conductance
79
g
conductance of all channels
80
What is the number of charges necessary to produce the equilibrium membrane potential?
q=CV
81
length constant
Current decays with distance: - resistance of cytoplasm - resistance of PM - charge that leaks out of axon (capacitative) increased by increasing diameter of neuron and/or decreasing current leak by making membrane high resistance. Cable properties of neurons permit electrotonic spread of local current from regions of depolarization to inactive regions.
82

vert physics exam 1 study (17 decks)

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