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exam 1 study night Flashcards

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1
Q

acetylcholine

A

excitatory
in PNS at neuromuscular junctions
released by cholinergic neurons
implicated in Alzheimers

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2
Q

neurons release ACh

A

cholinergic
at neuromuscular junctions

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3
Q

synthesis of Ach

A

choline and acetyl coA in cytoplasm of synaptic terminals
- cholinergic

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4
Q

AChe

A

destroys/inhibits ACh
releases choline to resume for synthesis

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5
Q

nerve gas sarin

A

inhibits AChe
Ache inhibits ACh
inhibit Ache = buildup of ACh in synaptic cleft and overtime. receptors causes desensitization

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6
Q

ACh receptors

A
  1. nicotinic - ligand gated ion channel bind nicotine and ACh.
    ion channel permeable to K+ and Na
    - Na larger driving force = depolarization due to Na+ influx
  2. muscarinic - cholinergic receptor stimulated by Ach and muscarine . g protein or 2nd messenger coupled
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7
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

for ACh
ligand gated ion channel binds nicotine and Ach
permeable for k and Na
Na has greater driving force and Na influx causes depolarization

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8
Q

cholinergic

A

neurons release Ach

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9
Q

atropine

A

antagonist of muscarine receptors of Ach

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10
Q

antagonist of muscarine Ach receptors

A

atropine

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11
Q

Alzeihmers

A

depleted cholinergic neuron
increase beta amyloid proteins cause cell deth

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12
Q

biogenic amines

A

catecholamines and serotonin
small charged synthesized from Rs
DA, NE, Epi, Sero, Hist.

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13
Q

catecholamines

A

DA, NE, Epi (Y) –> L-dopa by rate limiting enz
epinephrine is NOT common NT in CNS but is major hormone of adrenals

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14
Q

Epi

A

major hormone from adrenals. not common NT
catecholamine

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15
Q

MAO

A

breaks down catecholamines

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16
Q

MAO inhibitors

A

drugs increase NE and DA in synapse by slowing down degradation

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17
Q

receptors for Epi and NE

A

METABOTROPIC 1. alpha androgenic:
a1 - act on postsynaptic nerve to change activity go K+ channels
a2 = act presynaptic to inhibit NE release
2. beta-androgenic
1,2,3 - stimulatory G proteins messenger increase cAMP in postsynaptic cell

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18
Q

CATECHOLAMINE RECEPTOR

A

metabotropic

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19
Q

serotonin

A

prod from W essential
slow onset
excitatory effect on muscles
inhibitory on sensations
NO activity during sleep
5-HT monoamine hormone

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20
Q

SRRI

A

inactivate presynaptic transport which mediates serotonin reuptake in presynaptic cell which increases the conc. of NT
By blocking its reuptake, SSRIs increase the concentration of serotonin in the synaptic cleft, enhancing neurotransmission

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21
Q

AA NT

A

glutamate and GABA, glycine

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22
Q

glutamate

A

AA NT
EXCITATORY
50% excitatory synapses in CNS
majority inotropic receptors

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23
Q

glutamate receptors

A

mostly inotropic in postsynaptic membranes
- AMPA, excitatory
- NMDA
channels

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24
Q

AMPA and NMDA receptors

A

channels
show cooperatively
receptors for glutamate excitatory in postsynaptic membranes
implicated in LTP

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25
Q

LTP

A

excitatory NMDA and AMPA implicated
lasting changes in strength of signal for learning and memory

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26
Q

glutamate LTP Mechanism

A
  1. presynaptic neuron fires AP, glutamate released and binds both AMPA and NMDA on postsynaptic membrane.
  2. AMPA rec. fun like excitatory postsynaptic rec. channel becomes permeable to both K and Na and NA influx depolarizes EPSP of postsynaptic cell
    NMDA channels mediate Ca flux
    when depolarized, Ca enters postsynaptic cell
  3. Ca ions activate 2ndmessanger cascade with kinases and LTP
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27
Q

after LTP

A

subsequent APs will cause greater depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

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28
Q

NMDA receptors

A

excitatory postsynaptic channel receptor for glutamate
1. mediate Ca influx
2. excitotoxicity - injury spreads to adj. areas
when glutamate containing cells die, glutamate excessively stims AMPA and NMDA nearby causing accumulation of toxic conc. Ca and cell death

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29
Q

GABA

A

AA NT
INHIBITORY NT
Modified glutamate
can bind inotropic or metabotropic
sev binding sites

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30
Q

GABA receptors

A

iono or metabotropic
- inotropic increases Cl flux into cell = hyper polarization IPSP postsynaptic

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31
Q

GABA drugs

A

increase Cl flux thru GABA receptor
ethanol from alc target gaba

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32
Q

ethanol on GABA

A

stimulates GABA synapses and inhibits excitatory glutamate synapses
overall depression of activity

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33
Q

glycine

A

AA NT
inhibitory interneurons release
binds inotropic receptors on postsynaptic cells allow Cl to enter and prevent threshold for Pas
essential to maintain balance of excitatory and inhibitory activity

34
Q

glycine antagonist

A

strychnine
imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory activity

35
Q

glycine receptor

A

inotropic
allows Cl to enter cell
prevents threshold and AP

36
Q

neuropeptides

A

2+ AAs w peptide bond
derived from large precursor proteins on ribosomes in cell body/dendrite far from release
either receptor
broken down by peptidases in membranes

37
Q

neuropeptide synthesis

A

from 2+ AA on ribosome in cell body
large precursor protein invisible

38
Q

peptidergic

A

neurons release 1+ peptide NT

39
Q

endogenous opioids

A

neuropeptides
beta endorphin
dynorphin
enkephalin
opiates are analgesics - relieve pain

40
Q

gases

A

nitric oxide, CO, HS
produced by enzymes in terminals in response to Ca entry and diffuse out of sites

41
Q

purines

A

ATP and adenose
response to Ca influx
adenosine derived from ATP

42
Q

lipid

A

membrane phospholipid-derived
eicosanoids like -
prostaglandins, endocannabinoids
in response to Ca entry and act as retrograde messengers - bind presynaptic
target of THC

43
Q

CNS

A

NO nerves

44
Q

ganglia

A

PNS groups of cell bodies

45
Q

forebrain

A

cerebrum: right and left hemisphere
gray (cell bodies) and white matter (myelin)
corpus callosum and cerebral cortex

46
Q

cerebral cortex

A

4 lobes with gyrus and sulcus

47
Q

brain stem

A

pons medulla midbrain

48
Q

hindbrain

A

cerebellum
movement, motor fxn

49
Q

hypothalamus

A

homeostatic regulation
connect to pituitary gland - endocrine

50
Q

PNS

A

somatic autonomic – PSNS and SNS

51
Q

autonomic NS

A

enteric NS
2 neurons types

52
Q

sympathetic NS neurons

A

neurons leave thoracic and lumbar regions

53
Q

parasympathetic NS neurons

A

brain stem and sacral spine
craniosacral

54
Q

sympathetic ganglia

A

close to spinal cord form 2 chains trunks

55
Q

sympathetic NS activity

A

body wide

56
Q

SNS and PSNS NT

A

acetylcholine
nicotinic receptors
SNS also Norepi

57
Q

majority Ach receptor

A

nicotinic

58
Q

catecholamines type

A

hormone released into the blood

59
Q

adrenergic receptors affinity

A

epinephrine - B2
NORepi - a1

60
Q

choroidplexus

A

ependymal cells produces CSF

61
Q

blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes, TJs

62
Q

fun of myelin

A

prevent K+ leak of ions out for successful AP communication

63
Q

warburg effect

A

Cancer cells prefer/rely more heavily on anaerobic glycolysis over aerobic respiration, even in the presence of oxygen
can provide intermediates necessary for the biosynthesis of macromolecules
Help adapt to the hypoxic microenvironment

64
Q

Acclimatization

A

effectiveness of existing systems can be enhanced by prolonged exposure to an environment change; improved function of homeostatic system
Reversible

65
Q

norepinephrine affinity

A

a1

66
Q

study the blood brain barrier

A

Immunofluorescence - label proteins with antibodies

67
Q

neurovascular unit

A

endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and microglia

68
Q

tight junction

A

comprised of occludin, adhesion, and junctional adhesion molecules as well as intracellular scaffold proteins. These transmembrane proteins are further linked to the cytoskeleton, establishing a high-resistance paracellular barrier to small ions

69
Q

measure resting Vm

A

2 electrodes - 1 ref, 1 record.

70
Q

effect of blocking electrogenic pump

A

Na would develop inside and cell would swell

71
Q

voltage and patch clamp

A

manipulate membrane potential
2 electrodes to record Vm
add in current electrode
voltage clamp sets Vm anywhere
measure amount of current flow at different Vms
I = v/r

72
Q

what to find from voltage clamp study

A

measure amount of current flow at different Vms
I = v/r
I = current conductance = opposite resistance

73
Q

conductance

A

measure of current flow
depends on permeability

74
Q

clamp experiment.

A

set vm
calc Ek and Nernst potential
measure
solve for conductance

75
Q

capacitive flow

A

minus charge moves away from membrane
OR
ability for membrane stores electrical charge
DUE to lipids

76
Q

over distance, drop in membrane potential?

A

resistance to flow
size of axon
myelination reduces loss
lose current to capacitance

77
Q

capacitance

A

due to lipids, ability to store electrical charge
conductance is flow of charge current (proteins allow channels and permeability)

78
Q

conductance depends on

A

inverse resistance
how many channels
open probability of channel
channel conductance

79
Q

g

A

conductance of all channels

80
Q

What is the number of charges necessary to produce the equilibrium membrane potential?

A

q=CV

81
Q

length constant

A

Current decays with distance:
- resistance of cytoplasm
- resistance of PM
- charge that leaks out of axon (capacitative)
increased by increasing diameter of neuron and/or decreasing current leak by making membrane high resistance.
Cable properties of neurons permit electrotonic spread of local current from regions of depolarization to inactive regions.

82
Q
A

vert physics exam 1 study (16 decks)

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