exam 7 Flashcards
- bacteria cell membrane are the same as eukaryotic except
- difference between our chromasome and bacteria chromasome
- diff between our ribosomes and theirs
- it doesn have sterol - such as cholesterol
- they have one single circular chromasome and have plasmids
- they have 70s instead of 80 s
Wall teichoic acid attatch to ____ (gram- or +)
Lipoteichoic teichoic acid attatch to____ (gram - or positive)
WTA- petpidoglycan g+
LTA- cell wall on g+
LPS
gram - or +
acid fast
gram negative
Peptiglycan
gram - or +
acid fast
both - and +
talk about clinical relavence for septic shock
lipopolysacharide of cell membrane causes this
Nocardia genus
gram - or +
acid fast
spores?
acid fast
no spores
Mycobacterium genus
gram - or +
acid fast
spores
genus of TB. Acid fast
no spores
what stucture gives you K antigen or capsule
glycocaylyx
what is selective activity
drugs are more toxic to bacteria than host
bacillus
gram - or +
acid fast
spores?
G+
spores+
- sex pili = conjugated pili
- common pili= fimbriae
G- or +
acid fast
- sex pili = conjugated pili : G-
- common pili= fimbriae: G + and -
- glycocaylx= capsule and slime layer
- flagellum
G- or +
acid fast
- G + and - for both flagellum and glycocaylx
which media is used for fastidious micor organsism
enriched (has complex + growth factor)
Obligate vs facultative
obligate: picky about where they live
facultative: not picky where they live
Obligate aerobe vs facultative aerob vs obligate anaerobe
(enzyme for ROS?)
Obligate aerobe : need oxgen, Yes enzyme
facultative aerobe: does need but can use it, yes ezyme
obligate anaerobe: oxigen is toxic; no ezyme
what is…
capnophiles:
halophiles:
osmophiles:
capnophiles:need high co2
halophiles: need salt
osmophiles: need sugar
what does it take for a fungas to be pathogen
grow at 37 degrees celciuc
where is ergosterols found in fungi
cell membrane
name componenets of cell well of fungi and purpose
* chitin -
* Beta glucan-
- chitin - polysach rigidity
- Beta glucan- polysach serves as pamp
what is the target for most antifungal
ergosterol in the cell membrane
what temp does dimorphic fungi turn from mold to yeast
from yeast to mold
- mold to yeast = 37
- yeast to mold = 25
in terms of antifungals how do these work…
* terbinafine
* azoles
* amphotericin Nystatin
* echinocandins
- terbinafine- stop synthesis of ergosterol
- azoles-stop synthesis of ergosterol
- amphotericin Nystatin- punch hole in cell membrane
- echinocandins- stop synthesis of glucan
Re: Antifungal
what is ….
propholactic tx
preemptive
empiric
definitive
propholactic tx - give just in case like with pt with HIV
preemptive - + diseas but no sx or symptoms
empiric - based on signs and sx
definitive - based on defined dz
what is primary mycoses
when a fungus can only be given in a certain area. Not given person to person
any fungas able to grow at ____ degrees celcius is a pathogen
37
Explain what each viral detection test measure
* viral culture-
* PCR-
* antigen-
- viral culture- infectious virions present
- PCR- viral dna/rna present
- antigen- viral protein is present
DNA dependent RNA polymerase DpRp significance in viruses
makes DNA genome viruses more stable due to its proof reading abilities
+ssRNA is what type of virus?
explain how it replicates
-what is an example
retroviruse
* genome uses reverse transcriptase. (RNA to DNA)
* DNA into host genome via dna dependent rna polymerase
* HIV
- explain how dsDNA replicates.
- which other one uses this replication method
- name example of virus
genome replicated by DNA dependent DNA poly
mRNA transcribed by DNA dependent RNA poly
ssDNA replicated the same way
example is herpes
explain replication dsRNA synthesis
genome replicated with RdRp which synthesized ssmRNA
explain replication +ssRNA synthesis
uses rdrp or -rna intermediate
explain replication -ssRNA synthesis
genome rna can not be DIRECTLY TRASCRIBED so makes +mRNA before protein syntheses
genome replicated with RdRp
how do viruses develope antiviral restance
RNA dependent RNA pol and reverse transcriptase can not proof read so they end up allowing more mutation to escape
what test shows if the sample of virus is infectious viral particles
culture
in regards to safety
bacteriostatic
vs
bacterialcidal
bacteriostatic: low dose and safe
bacterialcidal:
effective but not as safe
which drug has the broadest spectrum of antibiotic coverage
cefapime
what is post anitbiotic effect
when concentration of drug falls below the effective concentration of drug which increases the time in between the doses = decreasing side effects
What is kirby buaer test
resistant or not - qualitative
broth dilution test
quantitative test how much resistant
MIC -min inhibitory concentration
MBC - min bactericidal concentration
skipping sulfonamides =
resititance
what is O antigen and where is it found? is it on G + or -
attatches to stop phago cytosis
how does s. pnemonia avoid the immune system
exapsulation - block phago
inactivates Ab
how does s. s. aureus avoid the immune system
inactivate antibodies
how does Mtuberculosis avoid the immune system
intracellular gowth and escape detetection
what is the difference between
* antigenic drift
* antigent shift
* antigenic switch
- antigenic drift = small mutation
- antigent shift = reassortment of viral genome
- antigenic switch= rearangement of genes
what is the difference between
- optical density
- colony forming unit CFU
- biomass
- optical density = measures viable and non viable
- colony forming unit CFU = meansues only viable cause dilute culture
- biomass= measures viable and non viable
what is so important with bacillus and clostridium
they are G + and have spores
what are these components of fungus cell wall
* maman-
* PLM-
- maman- glycoprotein large part of cell
- PLM- Glycolipid for survival in macrophage
what is mycoses
endemic vs opportunistic
dz caused by fungi
- endemic in immuno competent
- oppoturnistic in immunosuppressed
remember
what group of baltimor class uses reverse transcriptase
group 6 rna>dna>host genome
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) or N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) binds to disacharides to make cell wall
NAM N-acetyluramic acid —- tetrapeptide linkage between nams
what do germ tubes do
they help provide survival or candida albican .. exits yeast at 25 degrees celcius and at 37 degreees celcius it makes germ tubes (hyphae
memorize
D
what component of cel wall are capable of producing toxic shock
peptidoglycan - endotoxin
lipoteichoic- can induce endotoxin like shock
lipopolysaccharide LPS=Endotoxin lipid a is septic shock
Some viruses will disrupt _______ and _______ to push host into an abnormal s phase
Some viruses will disrupt ___p53____ and ____rb___ to push host into an abnormal s phase
a mass of hyphae is known as ________
blastoconidia
what agent denatures proteins and dissolves membranes
alcohols
