Exam 2 Flashcards
What is the rate limiting step of glycolysis
Pfk 1
What does citrate do to pfk
Inhibits
Pfk is/ is not regulated by phosphorylation
Does not
what is dpp-4
it degrades GLP 1, inibitor or dpp4 is helpful to tx dm
what is GLP 1
an incretin that stimulate insulin production, analog is used for tx of dm
Name a few ways to tx dm with incretin
GLP 1 analog or Dpp-4 inhibitor
explain how insulin is processed
mRNA with N terminus leaves nucleus and goes to ER where preproinsulin turns into proinsulin and then sent to golgi where cpeptide is cleaved
glucose enters the pancreatic b cell via what
glut 2
what inhibits KATP
ATP after going through glycolysis and tca
what does sulfonylurea doe
block K + channels directly causing increase in insulin and decreased BS
what two directions can proglucagon go
glucagon in the pancreas or incretins in the brain or gut
Glut 4 is in what type of tissues. when does it get stimulated
fat and muscle, when fed state
insulin is what kind of receptor and where is it found
rtk live mslce and adipose
glucagon receptor is what kind of receptor, where are they found
g alpha s, liver
what affects does dietary amino acids do to insulin and glucago
promotes insulin and glucagon
how is the HMP shunt activated
increase activity when increase G6p and NADP+ (low products)
decrease activity when high products like NADP
what is glutithione
anitoxident destroys hydrogen peroxide and ROS
whats more useful for killing ROS reduced or oxidized glutathione….
reduced GSH
what is G6pd
creates NADPH in the HMP shunt
reverse non oxidative branch is used when NADPH is low or high
low
RBC and cornea rely on what for nadph activity
g6pd
what is the rate limting enzyme traps sugar in cell in galactose metab
galacto kinase
what does aldose reductase do
it converts galactose to galactitol at high levels of galactose
What causes galactosemia
deficiency in GALT and glalactokinase
increase in ______ causes cataracts
galactitol
what is the rate limiting enzyme traps sugar in cell in fructose metab
fructokinase
high fructose levels cause what
increase lipogensis
is Fructose or glucose metab more fast and why
fructose because by pass pfk and dhap can convert to glycerol 3 p
fructokinase deficiency causes what
nothing but more fructose in urine
aldolase deficiency causes what
increase in fructose 1-p and damage to liver. tx with dieting fructose and sucrose
what is glutathione reductase
it transfers elections from nadph to GSH (glutathione) so that it can kill ROS and hydrogen peroxides
can galactose produce intermediates for energy
no
glut 1 is in what tissue
brain blood fetal stuff
glut 2 is in what tissue
liver kidney intestines
brain has which GLUT
1,3
GLUT4 is in what tissues
muscle adipose
GLUT ____ relocates to plasma membrane when IG ratios are ____
4, high
which tissues oxidize glucose in fed state
all tissues
which tissues use glucose in fasting states
rbc and blood since they cant oxidize fatty acids
what is lactate dehydrogenase
enzyme that transforms pyruvate to lactate in anaerobic glycolysis
in regaurds to nadp and nadph what does cells in anaerobic glycolysis do
it oxidizes NADPH to NAD+ without the etc
glucokinase and hexokinase what is their km and vmax
glucokinase is high for each and hexo kinase is low for each
what is F26bp
activator of pfk
what is an inhibitor of PFK
citrate
is PFK regulated by phosphorylation
no
what inhibits PDHC
acetyl coa
what stimulate PC
acetyl coa
is the tca slow or fast in fasting state
slow
what does the TCA do
make bond energy, make e carriers, citrate intermediate
explain cyanide and Carbon monoxide poisining. how do you tx
cyanide binds to FE in complex 4 in the etc. can lead to death. tx with nitrates so they attach to cyanide before it can attach to complex 4
what are uncoupling proteins
create proton leaks in that allow H + to flow down its concentration gradient , ATP synthesis decreases and ETC speeds up releases energy
what is brown adipose
spot where there is many mitchondria where uncoupling proteins occur
what is the rate limiting step of tca
ICDH isocitrate dehydrogenase
what are the products of TCA
NADH FADH2 GTP
which GULT is regulated by insuline
gult 4
what inhibits tca
nadph
what does acetyl coa negatively regulate and positively regulate
(-) PDHC (+)PC
what does LDH doe
it regenerates NAD + in anaerobic glycolysisw
what is an amlopectin
glycogen
what is the rate limiting enzyme of glycogenesis , is it phosphorylated or phosphorylated in fasting state
glycogensynthase phosphorylted
what are the sources of NADPH
malic enzym and HMP shunt via g6pd
what is the malate enzym
transforms malate to pyruivate`
citrate inhibits what and activates what
inhibits PFK and citrate synthase, activates acc
faty acid synthase makes what
malate
what does fatty acyl coa synthetase do
add acetyl coa to fatty acid
what enzy produces glycerol phosphate
glycerol p dehydrogenase
lypogenesis starts with what, ends with what
acetyl coa and malonyl coa, ends with triacylgycerol
stage one of lypo genesis ends with
fatty acid
branching enzyme is _____(number)
1,6
what enzyme is inactive as dimer but active as polumer
acetyl coa carboxylass
what is regulated by citrate
-PFK, -citrate, +acc
what enzymes use acetyl coa as substrate
citrate synthase, acc, fatty acid synthase
what is the rate limiting ezyme of ketogenisi where is it?
HMG Coa Synthase mito…. in liver
does liver oxidizes or synthesize ketons or both
liver synthesizes but not oxidize
HMG Coa synthase mito is for
for beta oxidation
HMG Coa synthase cyto is for
cholesterol metabolism
where does ketogenesis happen
lier mitochondria
what is CPT1 where is it
in fed states… removes coa cyto and ads carnitine to fatty acid outer mitochondria… important for fatty acyl coa transport to mitchondria
what is the rate limiting enzym in B oxidation
CPT1, used for transporting acyl coa to the mito. removes coa and ads canitine
what is the rate limiting enzyme for lipolysis
Hormone sensitive lipase
what is ketone oxidation
make ketones into acetyl coa for oxidation in TCA
protein sparing effect
fed
shorterm fasting
long term fasting
protein sparing effect
fed - carbs diet
shorterm fasting- liver glycogen
long term fasting - ketones
what is cori cycle
anaerobic glycolysis
where does lactate go and where does nadh get made
from rbc to blood to liver and exercising muscles. nadh is made in the liver
what two things cant be used for glucose
acetyl coa and fatty acids
what can be used for glucos
amino acids glycerol and lactate
list the enzymes for the carnitine shuttle
cpt 1 cpt 2 translocase
what tissues can use ketones
muscles and brain
can liver use ketones and why or why not
no cause they cant oxidize
what is the rate limiting enzyme for lypolysis
hormone sensitive lipase HSL
cholestrol synthesis requires atp or nadph
both
explain what a statin
it inhibits HMG COA reductase , increases import and decrease synthesis
what is the rate limiting for cholesterol synthesis
HMG COA reductase
what is the rate limiting enzym in the liver cells for ketone bodies
HMG COA synthase in mito
what is acat
activates storage of cholesterol ester lipid droplets
can cholesterol be made into atp
no
explain bile acid sequestrants
incera import increase synthesis pee it out
what is xanthomata
LDL receptor deficiency
what does niacin do
inhibit horomone sensitive lipase decreasing TAG and VLDL
what do fibrates do
they increase FA oxidation decrease vldl and therefore LDL
what does exetimibe do
inhibit absorption of cholesterol
APOB-100 overproduction results in what dx
IIB hyperliidemia, LDL receptor
APoE polymorphism causes what
decreaed clearing IDL CM remnands so they increase increasing TAGS
what does ribonucleotide reductase RNR
makes rna to dna .. only works with DIphosphate
What activates RNR what inhibits rnr
activates ATP, dATP inhibit
what does nethotrexate doe
competitive inhibitor with dihydrofolate reductase decreaeing Thymidylate synthase decreasing DNA synthesis.
bile acids are conjugated to amino acids to (increase/decrease) PKA
lower pka
5fluorouracil
inhibits thymidyate synthase
