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BASIG q1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rate limiting step of glycolysis

A

Pfk 1

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2
Q

What does citrate do to pfk

A

Inhibits

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3
Q

Pfk is/ is not regulated by phosphorylation

A

Does not

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4
Q

what is dpp-4

A

it degrades GLP 1, inibitor or dpp4 is helpful to tx dm

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5
Q

what is GLP 1

A

an incretin that stimulate insulin production, analog is used for tx of dm

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6
Q

Name a few ways to tx dm with incretin

A

GLP 1 analog or Dpp-4 inhibitor

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7
Q

explain how insulin is processed

A

mRNA with N terminus leaves nucleus and goes to ER where preproinsulin turns into proinsulin and then sent to golgi where cpeptide is cleaved

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8
Q

glucose enters the pancreatic b cell via what

A

glut 2

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9
Q

what inhibits KATP

A

ATP after going through glycolysis and tca

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10
Q

what does sulfonylurea doe

A

block K + channels directly causing increase in insulin and decreased BS

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11
Q

what two directions can proglucagon go

A

glucagon in the pancreas or incretins in the brain or gut

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12
Q

Glut 4 is in what type of tissues. when does it get stimulated

A

fat and muscle, when fed state

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13
Q

insulin is what kind of receptor and where is it found

A

rtk live mslce and adipose

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14
Q

glucagon receptor is what kind of receptor, where are they found

A

g alpha s, liver

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15
Q

what affects does dietary amino acids do to insulin and glucago

A

promotes insulin and glucagon

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16
Q

how is the HMP shunt activated

A

increase activity when increase G6p and NADP+ (low products)
decrease activity when high products like NADP

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17
Q

what is glutithione

A

anitoxident destroys hydrogen peroxide and ROS

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18
Q

whats more useful for killing ROS reduced or oxidized glutathione….

A

reduced GSH

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19
Q

what is G6pd

A

creates NADPH in the HMP shunt

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20
Q

reverse non oxidative branch is used when NADPH is low or high

A

low

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21
Q

RBC and cornea rely on what for nadph activity

A

g6pd

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22
Q

what is the rate limting enzyme traps sugar in cell in galactose metab

A

galacto kinase

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23
Q

what does aldose reductase do

A

it converts galactose to galactitol at high levels of galactose

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24
Q

What causes galactosemia

A

deficiency in GALT and glalactokinase

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25
Q

increase in ______ causes cataracts

A

galactitol

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26
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme traps sugar in cell in fructose metab

A

fructokinase

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27
Q

high fructose levels cause what

A

increase lipogensis

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28
Q

is Fructose or glucose metab more fast and why

A

fructose because by pass pfk and dhap can convert to glycerol 3 p

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29
Q

fructokinase deficiency causes what

A

nothing but more fructose in urine

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30
Q

aldolase deficiency causes what

A

increase in fructose 1-p and damage to liver. tx with dieting fructose and sucrose

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31
Q

what is glutathione reductase

A

it transfers elections from nadph to GSH (glutathione) so that it can kill ROS and hydrogen peroxides

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32
Q

can galactose produce intermediates for energy

A

no

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33
Q

glut 1 is in what tissue

A

brain blood fetal stuff

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34
Q

glut 2 is in what tissue

A

liver kidney intestines

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35
Q

brain has which GLUT

A

1,3

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36
Q

GLUT4 is in what tissues

A

muscle adipose

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37
Q

GLUT ____ relocates to plasma membrane when IG ratios are ____

A

4, high

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38
Q

which tissues oxidize glucose in fed state

A

all tissues

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39
Q

which tissues use glucose in fasting states

A

rbc and blood since they cant oxidize fatty acids

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40
Q

what is lactate dehydrogenase

A

enzyme that transforms pyruvate to lactate in anaerobic glycolysis

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41
Q

in regaurds to nadp and nadph what does cells in anaerobic glycolysis do

A

it oxidizes NADPH to NAD+ without the etc

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42
Q

glucokinase and hexokinase what is their km and vmax

A

glucokinase is high for each and hexo kinase is low for each

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43
Q

what is F26bp

A

activator of pfk

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44
Q

what is an inhibitor of PFK

A

citrate

45
Q

is PFK regulated by phosphorylation

A

no

46
Q

what inhibits PDHC

A

acetyl coa

47
Q

what stimulate PC

A

acetyl coa

48
Q

is the tca slow or fast in fasting state

A

slow

49
Q

what does the TCA do

A

make bond energy, make e carriers, citrate intermediate

50
Q

explain cyanide and Carbon monoxide poisining. how do you tx

A

cyanide binds to FE in complex 4 in the etc. can lead to death. tx with nitrates so they attach to cyanide before it can attach to complex 4

51
Q

what are uncoupling proteins

A

create proton leaks in that allow H + to flow down its concentration gradient , ATP synthesis decreases and ETC speeds up releases energy

52
Q

what is brown adipose

A

spot where there is many mitchondria where uncoupling proteins occur

53
Q

what is the rate limiting step of tca

A

ICDH isocitrate dehydrogenase

54
Q

what are the products of TCA

A

NADH FADH2 GTP

55
Q

which GULT is regulated by insuline

A

gult 4

56
Q

what inhibits tca

A

nadph

57
Q

what does acetyl coa negatively regulate and positively regulate

A

(-) PDHC (+)PC

58
Q

what does LDH doe

A

it regenerates NAD + in anaerobic glycolysisw

59
Q

what is an amlopectin

A

glycogen

60
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme of glycogenesis , is it phosphorylated or phosphorylated in fasting state

A

glycogensynthase phosphorylted

61
Q

what are the sources of NADPH

A

malic enzym and HMP shunt via g6pd

62
Q

what is the malate enzym

A

transforms malate to pyruivate`

63
Q

citrate inhibits what and activates what

A

inhibits PFK and citrate synthase, activates acc

64
Q

faty acid synthase makes what

A

malate

65
Q

what does fatty acyl coa synthetase do

A

add acetyl coa to fatty acid

66
Q

what enzy produces glycerol phosphate

A

glycerol p dehydrogenase

67
Q

lypogenesis starts with what, ends with what

A

acetyl coa and malonyl coa, ends with triacylgycerol

68
Q

stage one of lypo genesis ends with

A

fatty acid

69
Q

branching enzyme is _____(number)

A

1,6

70
Q

what enzyme is inactive as dimer but active as polumer

A

acetyl coa carboxylass

71
Q

what is regulated by citrate

A

-PFK, -citrate, +acc

72
Q

what enzymes use acetyl coa as substrate

A

citrate synthase, acc, fatty acid synthase

73
Q

what is the rate limiting ezyme of ketogenisi where is it?

A

HMG Coa Synthase mito…. in liver

74
Q

does liver oxidizes or synthesize ketons or both

A

liver synthesizes but not oxidize

75
Q

HMG Coa synthase mito is for

A

for beta oxidation

76
Q

HMG Coa synthase cyto is for

A

cholesterol metabolism

77
Q

where does ketogenesis happen

A

lier mitochondria

78
Q

what is CPT1 where is it

A

in fed states… removes coa cyto and ads carnitine to fatty acid outer mitochondria… important for fatty acyl coa transport to mitchondria

79
Q

what is the rate limiting enzym in B oxidation

A

CPT1, used for transporting acyl coa to the mito. removes coa and ads canitine

80
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme for lipolysis

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

81
Q

what is ketone oxidation

A

make ketones into acetyl coa for oxidation in TCA

82
Q

protein sparing effect
fed
shorterm fasting
long term fasting

A

protein sparing effect
fed - carbs diet
shorterm fasting- liver glycogen
long term fasting - ketones

83
Q

what is cori cycle

A

anaerobic glycolysis

84
Q

where does lactate go and where does nadh get made

A

from rbc to blood to liver and exercising muscles. nadh is made in the liver

85
Q

what two things cant be used for glucose

A

acetyl coa and fatty acids

86
Q

what can be used for glucos

A

amino acids glycerol and lactate

87
Q

list the enzymes for the carnitine shuttle

A

cpt 1 cpt 2 translocase

88
Q

what tissues can use ketones

A

muscles and brain

89
Q

can liver use ketones and why or why not

A

no cause they cant oxidize

90
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme for lypolysis

A

hormone sensitive lipase HSL

91
Q

cholestrol synthesis requires atp or nadph

A

both

92
Q

explain what a statin

A

it inhibits HMG COA reductase , increases import and decrease synthesis

93
Q

what is the rate limiting for cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG COA reductase

94
Q

what is the rate limiting enzym in the liver cells for ketone bodies

A

HMG COA synthase in mito

95
Q

what is acat

A

activates storage of cholesterol ester lipid droplets

96
Q

can cholesterol be made into atp

A

no

97
Q

explain bile acid sequestrants

A

incera import increase synthesis pee it out

98
Q

what is xanthomata

A

LDL receptor deficiency

99
Q

what does niacin do

A

inhibit horomone sensitive lipase decreasing TAG and VLDL

100
Q

what do fibrates do

A

they increase FA oxidation decrease vldl and therefore LDL

101
Q

what does exetimibe do

A

inhibit absorption of cholesterol

102
Q

APOB-100 overproduction results in what dx

A

IIB hyperliidemia, LDL receptor

103
Q

APoE polymorphism causes what

A

decreaed clearing IDL CM remnands so they increase increasing TAGS

104
Q

what does ribonucleotide reductase RNR

A

makes rna to dna .. only works with DIphosphate

105
Q

What activates RNR what inhibits rnr

A

activates ATP, dATP inhibit

106
Q

what does nethotrexate doe

A

competitive inhibitor with dihydrofolate reductase decreaeing Thymidylate synthase decreasing DNA synthesis.

107
Q

bile acids are conjugated to amino acids to (increase/decrease) PKA

A

lower pka

108
Q

5fluorouracil

A

inhibits thymidyate synthase

BASIG q1 (11 decks)

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