exam 1 Flashcards
how long is rbc
8 micron or (um)
mitochondria stains what color
pink
what stain stains red and what does it stain
eosin and acid like like collagen, mitochondria, cytoplasmic proteins
what stain stains blue and what does it stain
it stains base like such as organic nucleic acid, organic (-) charge
What stains scar tissue and what colors is it
trichrome blue green
what stains elastic fibers and what color
Orcien, brown
what stains reticular fibers
silver stain black
what usually stains liver
sudan red or osmic acid
what stains goblet cells
periodic acid schiff pink
basement membrane stain
periodic acid schiff (PAS), silver
what does sudan red stain?
liver or adipose
what does osmic acid stain
liver or adipose
does polar or non polar participate in hydrogen bonding
polar
what amino acid forms a disulfide bond, is it polar (charge or uncharged) or non polar
cysteine polar uncharged
ENZYMES INCREASE RATE OF REACTION BY (increasing/ or reducing ) ______
decreaseing free energy
what is KM? what happens if it is low and high KM mean
it is the concentration of substrate at half the vmax, high km is low affinity and low km is high affinity
peripheral membrane proteins are attached via what bond
non covalent bond
acetylcholine attaching to Na channel requires atp true or false
false it is passive transport
do carries bind solutes?
Yes
plasma membrane is acidophillic or basophillic
acidophilic
does consitutive or regulated have secretory granules
regulated
where is the site for rRNA
nucleolus
are triglycerides hydrophillic hydrophobid or amphipathic
hydrophobic
whats the storage form of fatty acids
triglycerides
what membrane protein goes through lipid bi layer
integral
describe peripheral membrane protein
it attaches to intregral protein or the phospholipid head
what kind of transport is acetylcholine gated Na channel
passive transport, channel mediated
what kind of transporter binds to solute and what kind does not bind to solute
channel mediate does not, carrier does bind
what kind of transporter is always passive
channel
what is responsible for negative intracellular charge
na/k atpase
describe GLUT 2
where, what does it transport
what kind of transport does it need atp
it transfers glucose to blood supply (basal side) it is channel mediated passive transport
describe Na/K
where, what does it transport
what kind of transport does it need atp
it transfers 3 sodium out and 2 k in. primary active transport does need atp
describe NA dependent Glucose
where, what does it transport
what kind of transport does it need atp
transports glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient by dragging Na into the cell
describe how nitric oxide is created
from argenin via nitric oxide synthase (eNOS, nNOS) using nadph and turning it into nadp
what are phospheratases
they dephosphorylate proteins and make them uncharged
what are HATs
they loosen histones allow for transcription by acetylation
what are HDACS
they tighten histones to prevent transcriptions via deacytlation
what is the difference between faculative chromatin and constitutive chromatin
faculatative - chromatin not transcribed in that cell
constitutice - chomatin not transcribed such as centromere telomers
describe the mechanism of fluroquinolone (moxifloxacin)
it inhibits topoisomerase
describe mechanism of acyclovir
it is analog of guanosine but it lacks 3’oh so it blocks replication
what is telomerase
it is an enzyme that extends the chromosomes. it contains built in rna templates
what does glycosylase
it cuts the bond between the base and deoxiribose in BER
what does AP endonuclease do
It cuts the sugar phosphate back bone and removes it
what creates the AP site and what repair sytem does it occur in
In BER, DNA Glucosylase
what is BRCA and what does it do
it fixes double stranded DNA breaks. if it is damaged it increases risk of breast cancer
colon cancer is caused by what
borken msh or mlh during the MMR repair
how do you fix deamination error
BER, glycosylase cleaves off base this maks AP site, AP endonuclease cuts sugar phosphate backbone, DNA polymerase adds nucleo tide DNA ligase sticks them together
how do you fix Bulky adducts or dimers
nuclease cuts, helicase removes, polymerase adds nucleotides
how do you fix double strand break
- NHEJ( non homologous end joining via KU70/80)
2.HR (homologous repair)
how do you fix base pair mismatch
MMR - MSH sits on mismatch, MLH looks for nick.
what repair type is more error-prone when fixing double strand break
NHEJ
What does hydrolosis do to nucleotides. how do you fix it
it causes dupurination, BER
glycosylase removes base leaving ap site, AP endonuclease cleaves sugar phosophate backbone and removes it, dna polymerase replace nucleotides and ligase glues it back together
what are ROS and how do you fix it
reactive oxygen species cause mispair, loss of base, single and double stranded breaks. Fix BER
glycosylase removes base leaving ap site, AP endonuclease cleaves sugar phosophate backbone and removes it, dna polymerase replace nucleotides and ligase glues it back together
what causes dimers and how do you fix it
UV radiation and carcinogens
what xeroderma Pigmentosum
defected NER
rna polymerase needs what to bind to promoter
GTF
promoter , start of transcription, protein coding region and terminator. what is part of the rna
everything except the start transcription and promoter
template strand and coding strand. which one is coped to to mrna
Template
what is TFIIH
it unwinds at +1 site and then phopholates CTD of RNApolymerase II
what is alpha crystalllin
folds misfolded proteins in lense of eyes
what is phosphatases
it removes negative charge and restores uncharged state
what charge is created with phosphorylation and where does it occur. On which end?
it adds a phosphate to the OH end that ultimately makes it negative.
