exam 1 Flashcards

(63 cards)

1
Q

how long is rbc

A

8 micron or (um)

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2
Q

mitochondria stains what color

A

pink

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3
Q

what stain stains red and what does it stain

A

eosin and acid like like collagen, mitochondria, cytoplasmic proteins

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4
Q

what stain stains blue and what does it stain

A

it stains base like such as organic nucleic acid, organic (-) charge

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5
Q

What stains scar tissue and what colors is it

A

trichrome blue green

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6
Q

what stains elastic fibers and what color

A

Orcien, brown

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7
Q

what stains reticular fibers

A

silver stain black

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8
Q

what usually stains liver

A

sudan red or osmic acid

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9
Q

what stains goblet cells

A

periodic acid schiff pink

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10
Q

basement membrane stain

A

periodic acid schiff (PAS), silver

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11
Q

what does sudan red stain?

A

liver or adipose

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12
Q

what does osmic acid stain

A

liver or adipose

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13
Q

does polar or non polar participate in hydrogen bonding

A

polar

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14
Q

what amino acid forms a disulfide bond, is it polar (charge or uncharged) or non polar

A

cysteine polar uncharged

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15
Q

ENZYMES INCREASE RATE OF REACTION BY (increasing/ or reducing ) ______

A

decreaseing free energy

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16
Q

what is KM? what happens if it is low and high KM mean

A

it is the concentration of substrate at half the vmax, high km is low affinity and low km is high affinity

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17
Q

peripheral membrane proteins are attached via what bond

A

non covalent bond

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18
Q

acetylcholine attaching to Na channel requires atp true or false

A

false it is passive transport

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19
Q

do carries bind solutes?

A

Yes

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20
Q

plasma membrane is acidophillic or basophillic

A

acidophilic

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21
Q

does consitutive or regulated have secretory granules

A

regulated

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22
Q

where is the site for rRNA

A

nucleolus

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23
Q

are triglycerides hydrophillic hydrophobid or amphipathic

A

hydrophobic

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24
Q

whats the storage form of fatty acids

A

triglycerides

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25
what membrane protein goes through lipid bi layer
integral
26
describe peripheral membrane protein
it attaches to intregral protein or the phospholipid head
27
what kind of transport is acetylcholine gated Na channel
passive transport, channel mediated
28
what kind of transporter binds to solute and what kind does not bind to solute
channel mediate does not, carrier does bind
29
what kind of transporter is always passive
channel
30
what is responsible for negative intracellular charge
na/k atpase
31
describe GLUT 2 where, what does it transport what kind of transport does it need atp
it transfers glucose to blood supply (basal side) it is channel mediated passive transport
32
describe Na/K where, what does it transport what kind of transport does it need atp
it transfers 3 sodium out and 2 k in. primary active transport does need atp
33
describe NA dependent Glucose where, what does it transport what kind of transport does it need atp
transports glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient by dragging Na into the cell
34
describe how nitric oxide is created
from argenin via nitric oxide synthase (eNOS, nNOS) using nadph and turning it into nadp
35
what are phospheratases
they dephosphorylate proteins and make them uncharged
36
what are HATs
they loosen histones allow for transcription by acetylation
37
what are HDACS
they tighten histones to prevent transcriptions via deacytlation
38
what is the difference between faculative chromatin and constitutive chromatin
faculatative - chromatin not transcribed in that cell constitutice - chomatin not transcribed such as centromere telomers
39
describe the mechanism of fluroquinolone (moxifloxacin)
it inhibits topoisomerase
40
describe mechanism of acyclovir
it is analog of guanosine but it lacks 3'oh so it blocks replication
41
what is telomerase
it is an enzyme that extends the chromosomes. it contains built in rna templates
42
what does glycosylase
it cuts the bond between the base and deoxiribose in BER
43
what does AP endonuclease do
It cuts the sugar phosphate back bone and removes it
44
what creates the AP site and what repair sytem does it occur in
In BER, DNA Glucosylase
45
what is BRCA and what does it do
it fixes double stranded DNA breaks. if it is damaged it increases risk of breast cancer
46
colon cancer is caused by what
borken msh or mlh during the MMR repair
47
how do you fix deamination error
BER, glycosylase cleaves off base this maks AP site, AP endonuclease cuts sugar phosphate backbone, DNA polymerase adds nucleo tide DNA ligase sticks them together
48
how do you fix Bulky adducts or dimers
nuclease cuts, helicase removes, polymerase adds nucleotides
49
how do you fix double strand break
1. NHEJ( non homologous end joining via KU70/80) 2.HR (homologous repair)
50
how do you fix base pair mismatch
MMR - MSH sits on mismatch, MLH looks for nick.
51
what repair type is more error-prone when fixing double strand break
NHEJ
52
What does hydrolosis do to nucleotides. how do you fix it
it causes dupurination, BER glycosylase removes base leaving ap site, AP endonuclease cleaves sugar phosophate backbone and removes it, dna polymerase replace nucleotides and ligase glues it back together
53
what are ROS and how do you fix it
reactive oxygen species cause mispair, loss of base, single and double stranded breaks. Fix BER glycosylase removes base leaving ap site, AP endonuclease cleaves sugar phosophate backbone and removes it, dna polymerase replace nucleotides and ligase glues it back together
54
what causes dimers and how do you fix it
UV radiation and carcinogens
55
what xeroderma Pigmentosum
defected NER
56
rna polymerase needs what to bind to promoter
GTF
57
promoter , start of transcription, protein coding region and terminator. what is part of the rna
everything except the start transcription and promoter
58
template strand and coding strand. which one is coped to to mrna
Template
59
what is TFIIH
it unwinds at +1 site and then phopholates CTD of RNApolymerase II
60
what is alpha crystalllin
folds misfolded proteins in lense of eyes
61
what is phosphatases
it removes negative charge and restores uncharged state
62
what charge is created with phosphorylation and where does it occur. On which end?
it adds a phosphate to the OH end that ultimately makes it negative.
63