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BASIG q1 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how long is rbc

A

8 micron or (um)

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2
Q

mitochondria stains what color

A

pink

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3
Q

what stain stains red and what does it stain

A

eosin and acid like like collagen, mitochondria, cytoplasmic proteins

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4
Q

what stain stains blue and what does it stain

A

it stains base like such as organic nucleic acid, organic (-) charge

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5
Q

What stains scar tissue and what colors is it

A

trichrome blue green

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6
Q

what stains elastic fibers and what color

A

Orcien, brown

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7
Q

what stains reticular fibers

A

silver stain black

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8
Q

what usually stains liver

A

sudan red or osmic acid

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9
Q

what stains goblet cells

A

periodic acid schiff pink

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10
Q

basement membrane stain

A

periodic acid schiff (PAS), silver

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11
Q

what does sudan red stain?

A

liver or adipose

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12
Q

what does osmic acid stain

A

liver or adipose

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13
Q

does polar or non polar participate in hydrogen bonding

A

polar

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14
Q

what amino acid forms a disulfide bond, is it polar (charge or uncharged) or non polar

A

cysteine polar uncharged

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15
Q

ENZYMES INCREASE RATE OF REACTION BY (increasing/ or reducing ) ______

A

decreaseing free energy

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16
Q

what is KM? what happens if it is low and high KM mean

A

it is the concentration of substrate at half the vmax, high km is low affinity and low km is high affinity

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17
Q

peripheral membrane proteins are attached via what bond

A

non covalent bond

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18
Q

acetylcholine attaching to Na channel requires atp true or false

A

false it is passive transport

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19
Q

do carries bind solutes?

A

Yes

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20
Q

plasma membrane is acidophillic or basophillic

A

acidophilic

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21
Q

does consitutive or regulated have secretory granules

A

regulated

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22
Q

where is the site for rRNA

A

nucleolus

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23
Q

are triglycerides hydrophillic hydrophobid or amphipathic

A

hydrophobic

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24
Q

whats the storage form of fatty acids

A

triglycerides

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25
Q

what membrane protein goes through lipid bi layer

A

integral

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26
Q

describe peripheral membrane protein

A

it attaches to intregral protein or the phospholipid head

27
Q

what kind of transport is acetylcholine gated Na channel

A

passive transport, channel mediated

28
Q

what kind of transporter binds to solute and what kind does not bind to solute

A

channel mediate does not, carrier does bind

29
Q

what kind of transporter is always passive

A

channel

30
Q

what is responsible for negative intracellular charge

A

na/k atpase

31
Q

describe GLUT 2
where, what does it transport
what kind of transport does it need atp

A

it transfers glucose to blood supply (basal side) it is channel mediated passive transport

32
Q

describe Na/K
where, what does it transport
what kind of transport does it need atp

A

it transfers 3 sodium out and 2 k in. primary active transport does need atp

33
Q

describe NA dependent Glucose
where, what does it transport
what kind of transport does it need atp

A

transports glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient by dragging Na into the cell

34
Q

describe how nitric oxide is created

A

from argenin via nitric oxide synthase (eNOS, nNOS) using nadph and turning it into nadp

35
Q

what are phospheratases

A

they dephosphorylate proteins and make them uncharged

36
Q

what are HATs

A

they loosen histones allow for transcription by acetylation

37
Q

what are HDACS

A

they tighten histones to prevent transcriptions via deacytlation

38
Q

what is the difference between faculative chromatin and constitutive chromatin

A

faculatative - chromatin not transcribed in that cell
constitutice - chomatin not transcribed such as centromere telomers

39
Q

describe the mechanism of fluroquinolone (moxifloxacin)

A

it inhibits topoisomerase

40
Q

describe mechanism of acyclovir

A

it is analog of guanosine but it lacks 3’oh so it blocks replication

41
Q

what is telomerase

A

it is an enzyme that extends the chromosomes. it contains built in rna templates

42
Q

what does glycosylase

A

it cuts the bond between the base and deoxiribose in BER

43
Q

what does AP endonuclease do

A

It cuts the sugar phosphate back bone and removes it

44
Q

what creates the AP site and what repair sytem does it occur in

A

In BER, DNA Glucosylase

45
Q

what is BRCA and what does it do

A

it fixes double stranded DNA breaks. if it is damaged it increases risk of breast cancer

46
Q

colon cancer is caused by what

A

borken msh or mlh during the MMR repair

47
Q

how do you fix deamination error

A

BER, glycosylase cleaves off base this maks AP site, AP endonuclease cuts sugar phosphate backbone, DNA polymerase adds nucleo tide DNA ligase sticks them together

48
Q

how do you fix Bulky adducts or dimers

A

nuclease cuts, helicase removes, polymerase adds nucleotides

49
Q

how do you fix double strand break

A
  1. NHEJ( non homologous end joining via KU70/80)
    2.HR (homologous repair)
50
Q

how do you fix base pair mismatch

A

MMR - MSH sits on mismatch, MLH looks for nick.

51
Q

what repair type is more error-prone when fixing double strand break

A

NHEJ

52
Q

What does hydrolosis do to nucleotides. how do you fix it

A

it causes dupurination, BER
glycosylase removes base leaving ap site, AP endonuclease cleaves sugar phosophate backbone and removes it, dna polymerase replace nucleotides and ligase glues it back together

53
Q

what are ROS and how do you fix it

A

reactive oxygen species cause mispair, loss of base, single and double stranded breaks. Fix BER
glycosylase removes base leaving ap site, AP endonuclease cleaves sugar phosophate backbone and removes it, dna polymerase replace nucleotides and ligase glues it back together

54
Q

what causes dimers and how do you fix it

A

UV radiation and carcinogens

55
Q

what xeroderma Pigmentosum

A

defected NER

56
Q

rna polymerase needs what to bind to promoter

A

GTF

57
Q

promoter , start of transcription, protein coding region and terminator. what is part of the rna

A

everything except the start transcription and promoter

58
Q

template strand and coding strand. which one is coped to to mrna

A

Template

59
Q

what is TFIIH

A

it unwinds at +1 site and then phopholates CTD of RNApolymerase II

60
Q

what is alpha crystalllin

A

folds misfolded proteins in lense of eyes

61
Q

what is phosphatases

A

it removes negative charge and restores uncharged state

62
Q

what charge is created with phosphorylation and where does it occur. On which end?

A

it adds a phosphate to the OH end that ultimately makes it negative.

63
Q
A

BASIG q1 (11 decks)

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