exam 1

Question 1

how long is rbc

Answer 1

8 micron or (um)

Question 2

mitochondria stains what color

Answer 2

pink

Question 3

what stain stains red and what does it stain

Answer 3

eosin and acid like like collagen, mitochondria, cytoplasmic proteins

Question 4

what stain stains blue and what does it stain

Answer 4

it stains base like such as organic nucleic acid, organic (-) charge

Question 5

What stains scar tissue and what colors is it

Answer 5

trichrome blue green

Question 6

what stains elastic fibers and what color

Answer 6

Orcien, brown

Question 7

what stains reticular fibers

Answer 7

silver stain black

Question 8

what usually stains liver

Answer 8

sudan red or osmic acid

Question 9

what stains goblet cells

Answer 9

periodic acid schiff pink

Question 10

basement membrane stain

Answer 10

periodic acid schiff (PAS), silver

Question 11

what does sudan red stain?

Answer 11

liver or adipose

Question 12

what does osmic acid stain

Answer 12

liver or adipose

Question 13

does polar or non polar participate in hydrogen bonding

Answer 13

polar

Question 14

what amino acid forms a disulfide bond, is it polar (charge or uncharged) or non polar

Answer 14

cysteine polar uncharged

Question 15

ENZYMES INCREASE RATE OF REACTION BY (increasing/ or reducing ) ______

Answer 15

decreaseing free energy

Question 16

what is KM? what happens if it is low and high KM mean

Answer 16

it is the concentration of substrate at half the vmax, high km is low affinity and low km is high affinity

Question 17

peripheral membrane proteins are attached via what bond

Answer 17

non covalent bond

Question 18

acetylcholine attaching to Na channel requires atp true or false

Answer 18

false it is passive transport

Question 19

do carries bind solutes?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

plasma membrane is acidophillic or basophillic

Answer 20

acidophilic

Question 21

does consitutive or regulated have secretory granules

Answer 21

regulated

Question 22

where is the site for rRNA

Answer 22

nucleolus

Question 23

are triglycerides hydrophillic hydrophobid or amphipathic

Answer 23

hydrophobic

Question 24

whats the storage form of fatty acids

Answer 24

triglycerides

Question 25

what membrane protein goes through lipid bi layer

Answer 25

integral

Question 26

describe peripheral membrane protein

Answer 26

it attaches to intregral protein or the phospholipid head

Question 27

what kind of transport is acetylcholine gated Na channel

Answer 27

passive transport, channel mediated

Question 28

what kind of transporter binds to solute and what kind does not bind to solute

Answer 28

channel mediate does not, carrier does bind

Question 29

what kind of transporter is always passive

Answer 29

channel

Question 30

what is responsible for negative intracellular charge

Answer 30

na/k atpase

Question 31

describe GLUT 2 where, what does it transport what kind of transport does it need atp

Answer 31

it transfers glucose to blood supply (basal side) it is channel mediated passive transport

Question 32

describe Na/K where, what does it transport what kind of transport does it need atp

Answer 32

it transfers 3 sodium out and 2 k in. primary active transport does need atp

Question 33

describe NA dependent Glucose where, what does it transport what kind of transport does it need atp

Answer 33

transports glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient by dragging Na into the cell

Question 34

describe how nitric oxide is created

Answer 34

from argenin via nitric oxide synthase (eNOS, nNOS) using nadph and turning it into nadp

Question 35

what are phospheratases

Answer 35

they dephosphorylate proteins and make them uncharged

Question 36

what are HATs

Answer 36

they loosen histones allow for transcription by acetylation

Question 37

what are HDACS

Answer 37

they tighten histones to prevent transcriptions via deacytlation

Question 38

what is the difference between faculative chromatin and constitutive chromatin

Answer 38

faculatative - chromatin not transcribed in that cell constitutice - chomatin not transcribed such as centromere telomers

Question 39

describe the mechanism of fluroquinolone (moxifloxacin)

Answer 39

it inhibits topoisomerase

Question 40

describe mechanism of acyclovir

Answer 40

it is analog of guanosine but it lacks 3'oh so it blocks replication

Question 41

what is telomerase

Answer 41

it is an enzyme that extends the chromosomes. it contains built in rna templates

Question 42

what does glycosylase

Answer 42

it cuts the bond between the base and deoxiribose in BER

Question 43

what does AP endonuclease do

Answer 43

It cuts the sugar phosphate back bone and removes it

Question 44

what creates the AP site and what repair sytem does it occur in

Answer 44

In BER, DNA Glucosylase

Question 45

what is BRCA and what does it do

Answer 45

it fixes double stranded DNA breaks. if it is damaged it increases risk of breast cancer

Question 46

colon cancer is caused by what

Answer 46

borken msh or mlh during the MMR repair

Question 47

how do you fix deamination error

Answer 47

BER, glycosylase cleaves off base this maks AP site, AP endonuclease cuts sugar phosphate backbone, DNA polymerase adds nucleo tide DNA ligase sticks them together

Question 48

how do you fix Bulky adducts or dimers

Answer 48

nuclease cuts, helicase removes, polymerase adds nucleotides

Question 49

how do you fix double strand break

Answer 49

1. NHEJ( non homologous end joining via KU70/80) 2.HR (homologous repair)

Question 50

how do you fix base pair mismatch

Answer 50

MMR - MSH sits on mismatch, MLH looks for nick.

Question 51

what repair type is more error-prone when fixing double strand break

Answer 51

NHEJ

Question 52

What does hydrolosis do to nucleotides. how do you fix it

Answer 52

it causes dupurination, BER glycosylase removes base leaving ap site, AP endonuclease cleaves sugar phosophate backbone and removes it, dna polymerase replace nucleotides and ligase glues it back together

Question 53

what are ROS and how do you fix it

Answer 53

reactive oxygen species cause mispair, loss of base, single and double stranded breaks. Fix BER glycosylase removes base leaving ap site, AP endonuclease cleaves sugar phosophate backbone and removes it, dna polymerase replace nucleotides and ligase glues it back together

Question 54

what causes dimers and how do you fix it

Answer 54

UV radiation and carcinogens

Question 55

what xeroderma Pigmentosum

Answer 55

defected NER

Question 56

rna polymerase needs what to bind to promoter

Answer 56

GTF

Question 57

promoter , start of transcription, protein coding region and terminator. what is part of the rna

Answer 57

everything except the start transcription and promoter

Question 58

template strand and coding strand. which one is coped to to mrna

Answer 58

Template

Question 59

what is TFIIH

Answer 59

it unwinds at +1 site and then phopholates CTD of RNApolymerase II

Question 60

what is alpha crystalllin

Answer 60

folds misfolded proteins in lense of eyes

Question 61

what is phosphatases

Answer 61

it removes negative charge and restores uncharged state

Question 62

what charge is created with phosphorylation and where does it occur. On which end?

Answer 62

it adds a phosphate to the OH end that ultimately makes it negative.