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Microbiology > Exam #6: UTI > Flashcards

Exam #6: UTI Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the mechanisms that defend against UTI?

A

pH below 5.5
High urea
Mechanical flushing with urination

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2
Q

What is the difference between nephritis, pyelonephritis, ascending UTI, cystitis, urethrtis, prostatis?

A 
Nephritis= inflammation of the kidney 
Pyelonephritis= Inflammation of the kidney & upper urinary tract, also known as an ascending UTI 
Cystitis= inflammation of the bladder 
Urethritis= inflammation of the urethra 
Prostatitis= inflammation of the prostate
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3
Q

What are the symptoms of uretheritis & cysititis?

A

Dysuria
Frequency
Urgency

*Note that there is usually no discharge with these, unlike STD

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of prostatits?

A

Lower back pain
Pain in perirectal area
Testicular pain

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of pyelonephritis?

A

Flank pain
Fever
Sx of cystitis

Diarrhea
Vomiting
Tachycardia

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6
Q

Why is pyelonephritis dangerous in pregnant women?

A

Can cause premature birth

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7
Q

How are UTI’s diagnosed?

A

Symptoms

Urine dip-stick

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8
Q

What is leukocyte esterase? What is pyuria?

A

Presence of WBCs

> 10 wbc per cubic millimeter

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9
Q

What does a positive nitrite test indicate?

A

Some bacteria can reduce nitrate to nitrite

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10
Q

Why is UTI more common in women than men?

A

Shorter urethra

*****Note that cystitis in [young] men is rare & implies a pathological process, such as renal stones, prostatitis, or chronic urinary retention

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11
Q

What increases the risk for UTI?

A 
Sexual intercourse 
CA-UTI= catheterization
BPH
GU malformation
DM 
Pregnancy
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12
Q

What are community acquired UTIs associated with?

A

Colonization of the urinary tract by fecal flora

  • E. coli
  • Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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13
Q

What are hospital acquired UTIs associated with?

A

Catheterization

  • Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Enterococcus
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14
Q

What are enteric bacteria?

A

Bacteria routinely found in the GI tract of human or other animals

  • Gram -
  • LPS
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15
Q

How can the enterobacteriaceae be identified serologically?

A 
O= polysaccharide antigens of LPS
K= capsular antigens
H= flagellar antigens
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16
Q

What are the common virulence factors associated with Enterobacteriae?

A

Endotoxin (LPS)

Antimicrobial resistance

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17
Q

What causes most of the community acquired UTIs?

A

E.coli (UPEC)

18
Q

What else can E. coli cause?

A

Gastroenteritis
UTI
Spesis
Neonatal meningitis

19
Q

What is the second most common cause of community acquired UTI?

A

Coagulase negative staph i.e. S. saprophyticus

20
Q

What are the virulence factors of E. Coli?

A

Adhesin= attachment

Hemolysin= lyses erythrocytes –> inflammation

Endotoxin= inflammation

21
Q

What special characteristics of UPEC allows for attachment?

A
  • Type I pili that binds to mannose residues commonly present on epithelial surfaces
  • P pili that binds sugar residues on uroepithelial cells
22
Q

What is the difference between Staph & strep?

A

Catalase test

Staph = +

23
Q

What is the difference between coagulase +/- staph?

A 
\+= epidermis 
-= saprophyticus
24
Q

What are the characteristics of S. saprophyticus?

A

Normal GI flora
UTIs
Novobiocin resistance (vs. epidermidis)

25
Q

What the most common causative agents of HAC UTI?

A

Klebsiella
Proteus
Pseudomonas

26
Q

List the characteristics of proteus mirabilis.

A

Gram negative enteric

27
Q

What virulence factors are associated with Proteus?

A

Urease

  • Hydrolyzes urea to ammonia & results in alkanalization of urine
  • Alkalization–>precipitation of organic & inorganic compounds & real stones
28
Q

What are the symptoms of renal stones?

A

Sudden onset of severe pain that radiates from side of back or abdomen & into the groin

29
Q

How is Proteus UTI treated?

A

TMP-SMX

30
Q

List the characteristics of Peudomonas aeruginosa.

A

Gram - rod
aerobic
motile
Minimalist

*Frequently seen in hospital UTI

31
Q

How is pseudomonas aeruginosa diagnosed?

A

Blue green pigment

32
Q

How is pseudomonas aeruginosa infection treated?

A

Multiple antibiotics

33
Q

List the characteristics of Enterococcus.

A 
Cram + cocci 
Catalase negative 
Group D carbohydrate
Tolerates high salt & bile
Optochin resistant
34
Q

What risk factors are associated with enterococus?

A
  • Hospitalization

- Treatment with broad spectrum abx

35
Q

What other infections are associated with enterococcus?

A

UTI
Peritonitis
Endocarditis

36
Q

When do you treat asymptomatic bacteriura?

A

Three situations:

1) Pregnant women
2) Prior to urologic surgery
3) After renal transplant

37
Q

When do you NOT treat asymptomatic bacteriuria?

A

Eldery

38
Q

How is uncomplicated cystitis treated?

A

TMP-SMX

39
Q

How is pyeloephritis treated?

A

Gram (-)= Fluoroquinolones

Gram (+)= Amoxicillin

40
Q

How is asymptomatic bacteriuria treated (when treating it)”

A

Amoxicillin
Cephalexin
Nitrofurantoin

Microbiology (49 decks)

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