Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Exam #5: Bacterial Infections of the GI Tract I > Flashcards

Exam #5: Bacterial Infections of the GI Tract I Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What elements of the GI tract in the host can trigger expression of bacterial virulence factors?

A

1) Mucus

2) Bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is the highest density of normal flora in the GI tract?

A

Large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functions of the GI microbiota? What are the good functions? What are the bad functions?

A

Good=

  • Competitive exclusion
  • Production of vitamins

Bad=
- Digestion of undigested or indigestible compound, which can be bad b/c bacteria sometimes digest things into carcinogens

Also, note that there is currently research investigating the link between normal microbiota & hunger/obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define gastritis.

A

Inflammation of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define gastroenteritis.

A

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define diarrhea.

A

Frequent loose & fluid filled stool (typically from disease in the small intestine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define dysentery.

A

Inflammatory disorder of the GI tract often associated with:

  • Diarrhea with blood & pus in the feces
  • Pain, fever, & abdominal cramps
  • Usually results from disease of the large intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define Enteritis.

A

Inflammation of the intestines, especially the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define Enterocolitis.

A

Inflammation of the mucosa of the small and large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define Colitis.

A

Inflammation of the large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the presentation of inflammatory bacterial infection of the GI tract?

A

Some bacterial pathogens cause intestinal inflammation, which is damaging to the intestine & results in:

  • Fecal occult or visible blood
  • Fecal leukocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the bacteria that are associated with inflammatory bacterial GI infection?

A 
Salmonella 
Campylobacter jejuni 
C. difficle
EHEC 
EIEC 
Shigella
Vibrio parahaemolyticus 
Yersinia enterocolitica
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the presentation of non-inflammatory bacterial GI infection?

A

Other bacteria pass through the intestine or are adherent to the intestinal epithelium and:

1) Don’t produce toxins
2) Produce a toxin that does NOT damage the cell (but may cause a change in electrolyte or H20 efflux)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What bacteria are associated with non-inflammatory bacterial GI infection?

A

EPEC
ETEC
Vibrio cholerae
Listeria moncytogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What organisms cause bloody diarrhea?

A 
Campylobacter jejuni 
C. difficle
EHEC 
EIEC 
Shigella
Vibrio parahaemolyticus 
Yersinia enterocolitica
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What organisms cause watery diarrhea?

A

EPEC
ETEC
Vibrio cholerae
Listeria moncytogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the generalized symptoms of bacterial GI tract infections?

A

Diarrhea
Vomiting
Fever
Abdominal discomfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The onset of symptoms after ingestion of bacteria is significant. What can be determined about the bacteria from this kind of information?

A

Onset 1-8 hours after ingestion=
- Preformed toxins

Onset 8-16 hours after ingestion=
- Production of toxin after ingestion

Onset 16+ hours after ingestion=
- Adherence, growth & virulence factor production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What bacteria are associated with symptom onset 1-8 hours after ingestion?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus cereus (emetic)
Clostridium botulinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What bacteria are associated with symptom onset 8-16 hours after ingestion?

A

Bacillus cereus (diarrheal)
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium botulinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What bacteria are associated with symptom onset 16+ hours after ingestion?

A 
Shigella
Salmonella 
Listeria monocytogenes 
E. Coli
Campylobacter 
Vibrio
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two types of bacterial food poisoning? What are the symptoms?

A

1) Toxins produced by bacteria in food before the food is consumed
2) Large numbers of spores are ingested, spores germinate in intestine & vegetative bacteria produce toxins without any colonization or adherence to the GI tract

Symptoms:

  • Diarrhea
  • Vomiting (both)

NO FEVER

23
Q

What are the four most common bacterial causes associated with food poisoning?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium perfringes
Bacillus cereus

24
Q

List the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus. What are the symptoms of food poisoning with S. aureus?

A

Gram (-) cocci in clusters
Catalase positive
Coagulase positive

Ingestion of a preformed toxin causes severe vomiting, diarrhea, & abdominal pain between 1 & 8 hours after consumption .

*Toxin is heat-stable & MOA is not understood. Treatment is supportive therapy.

25
Q

List the characteristics of Colstridium botulinum.

A

Gram (+) rod
Anaerobic growth test positive
Spore forming

26
Q

What causes the symptoms of C. botulinum infection? What is the mechanism of action?

A

Botulinum toxin:

  • Early: vomiting, diarrhea, & abdominal pain 1-8 hours post ingestion (if ingestion of preformed toxin, 6-18 hours after ingestion if large number of spores)
  • Late: flaccid paralysis, progressive muscle weakness, & respiratory arrest

Botulism toxin works at the NMJ to prevent release of pre-synaptic ACh

27
Q

What is Clostridium botulinum infection associated with?

A
  • Home-canning (improperly)
  • Infants & honey

Parents are instructed not to let their children eat honey prior to 1 year because of this.

Remember that BOTulinum is from bad BOTtles of food & honey

28
Q

What are the complications of Clostridium botulinum infection?

A
  • Lingering weakness

- Dyspnea (up to 1 year after primary disease)

29
Q

What is the treatment for Clostridium botulinum?

A
  • Supportive therapy

- IV anti-toxin administration

30
Q

What is infant botulism? How does this compare to adult disease?

A
  • “Floppy baby syndrome”
  • Less severe

Caused by germination of C. botulinism spores in the intestines, which is often ingested when infants are fed honey. Affects infants because of permeability of intestinal mucosa (which changes ~6 months; thus, parents are told to wait till 1 year for honey ingestion–playing it safe).

Remember that while adult disease is caused by preformed toxin, infant disease is caused by spores.

31
Q

What are the characteristics of Clostridium perfringens?

A

Gram (+) rod
Anaerobic growth test positive
Spore-forming

32
Q

What is Clostridium perfringens associated with?

A

Contaminated meat products & gravies that are held below recommended temperatures

33
Q

What are the symptoms of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning? What causes these effects?

A

C. perfringens enterotoxin leads to:

  • Diarrhea & abdominal cramps 8-16 hours post- ingestion
  • Symptoms last ~24 hours
34
Q

What are the characteristics of Bacillus cereus?

A

Gram (+) rod
Anaerobic growth test negative
Spore forming
Motile

35
Q

What is Bacillus cereus food poisoning associated with?

A

Improper storage of cooked rice (emetic) & meat/ vegetables (diarrheal)

36
Q

How do Bacillus cereus emetic & diarrheal forms differ? Specifically, what is the implicated food, cause, onset of symptoms, symptoms, & enterotoxin?

A

Emetic=

  • Rice
  • Preformed toxin
  • 15 min- 8 hours
  • Vomiting, nausea, abdominal cramps
  • Heat stable enterotoxin

Diarrheal=

  • Meat & vegtables
  • Toxin produce in intestine
  • 8-16 hours
  • Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps
  • Heat liable
37
Q

What are the characteristics of Helicobacter pylori?

A

Gram (-) “curved” rod

Microaerophilic

38
Q

What diseases are associated with Helicobacter pylori?

A

Ulcers
Chronic gastritis

*Considered to be a type I carcinogen

39
Q

Describe the Helicobacter pylori mechanism of action.

A

1) Penetrates the mucous of the intestinal epithelium, attached by chemotactic substances, hemin & urea
2) H. pylori recruits & activates inflammatory cells. Simultaneously, H. pylori releases urease that cleaves urea, producing NH3 that neutralizes stomach acid in the vicinity
3) Cytotoxin & ammonia produced by urea cause destruction of mucous producing cells, exposing the underlying connective tissue to erosive stomach acid

40
Q

How is Helicobacter pylori infection diagnosed?

A
  • Urea breath test

- Biopsy

41
Q

What is the treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection?

A

*Only treat after a positive test for Helicobacter pylori

Combination of:

  • antibiotics
  • Proton pump inhibitor (controls acid & prevents further mucosal damage)
42
Q

Describe the characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes.

A

Gram (+) rod
Anaerobic test negative
Non-spore forming
Motile

43
Q

What are the key survival traits of Listeria monocytogenes?

A
  • Wide temperature growth range
  • Resistant to high salt concentrations
  • Wide pH range
44
Q

What is Listeria monocytogenes infection associated with?

A

Animal reservoirs
- Mammals, birds, & fish

Contaminated food

  • Ready to each meat
  • Raw vegetables
45
Q

Who is at high risk for Listeria monocytogenes infection?

A

Young
Elderly
Immunocompromised & especially pregnant women

Note that human to human transmission is possible, primarily from the mother to fetus

46
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes in healthy adults?

A

Usually asymptomatic, but may have:

  • Fever
  • nausea
  • diarrhea
47
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes in immunocompromised adults?

A

Bacteremia (bacteria in blood)

  • fever
  • malaise
  • chills
  • Without obvious focus

Meningitis & encephalitis (indistinct from other causes of meningitis)

*Note that ANY pregnant woman presenting with fever, malaise, & chills without no obvious focus should have a blood culture because of the risk of transferring the disease to the neonate

48
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes in neonates?

A
  • Granulomatosis infantiseptica
  • Meningitis & encephalitis

Note that transmission in utero can result in: premature birth, abortion, or still birth

49
Q

What is granulomatosis infantiseptica?

A

Pyogenic granulomas distributed over the whole body

50
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of Listeria monocytogenes.

A

1) Adherence and induced uptake mediated by Internalin-A
2) Internalized into an endocytic vacuole
3) Acidificationn of vacuole/ phagosome activates Listeriolysin O, which disrupts the vacuole & allows escape into the cytosol
4) Replication in the cytosol
5) ActA mediated actin polymerization leading to spread to neighboring cells & bloodstream
6) Disseminated infection

51
Q

How is Listeria monocytogenes infections diagnosed?

A

Microscopy=
- Insensitive

Culture

  • Cold enrichment selection
  • Beta-hemolysis
  • Motility test
52
Q

How is Listeria monocytogenes treated?

A

Beta-lactam, or
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Note that there is no vaccine variable–this is why you should properly cook animal meats & was raw vegetables

53
Q

What bacterial organism is associated with infection of the stomach?

A

Helicobacter pylori

54
Q

What bacterial organism is associated with infection of the small intestine?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

Microbiology (49 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions