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Microbiology > Clinical Parasitology- RA3 > Flashcards

Clinical Parasitology- RA3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism benefits at the expense of another

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2
Q

Symbiosis/ Mutualism

A

Both partners benefit from each other

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3
Q

Commensalism

A

One partner benefits, the other is unaffected

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4
Q

Ectoparasite

A

Lives on surface of the host (e.g. arthropods)

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5
Q

Endoparasite

A

Lives within the host (e.g. protozoa & helminths)

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6
Q

Obligate parasite

A

Must spend at least part of the lifecycle associated with host

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7
Q

Faculative parasite

A

Capable of living a free & parasitic existence

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8
Q

Vector

A

Insect that transmits infectious agent

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9
Q

Protozoa

A

Uunicellular eukaryotic microbe

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10
Q

Helminth

A

Worm

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11
Q

Namatode

A

Roundworm

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12
Q

Cestode

A

Tapeworm

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13
Q

Trematode

A

Fluke (flatworm)

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14
Q

Describe the prevalence of parasitic diseases worldwide & especially in developing/under-developed countries.

A

“Parasitic infections currently account for greater morbidity & mortality than any other class of infectious agent in developing or under-developed countries.”

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15
Q

List the characteristics of protozoa.

A
  • Single celled eukaryotes
  • Nucleated
  • Contain organelles
  • Many encyst themselves
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16
Q

List the characteristics of helminths.

A
  • Multicellular
  • Elongated appearance
  • Covered by a thick membranous coating called a cuticle
17
Q

How are protozoa classified?

A

Based on locomotion

18
Q

What are the four classes of protozoa?

A

Ameba
Flagellates
Sporozoa
Ciliates

19
Q

Ameba

A

Pseudopodia

20
Q

Flagellates

A

Flagella

21
Q

Sporozoa

A

Gliding

22
Q

Ciliates

A

Cilia

23
Q

What is special about the reproductive mechanism of the sporozoa?

A

Reproduction by schizogony

24
Q

What is Schizogony?

A

Multiple intracellular nuclear divisions prior to cytoplasmic divison

25
Q

How are Helminths classified?

A

Roundworm vs. Flatworm

26
Q

What group belongs to the roundworms?

A

Namatodes

27
Q

What groups belong to the flatworms?

A

Cestodes & Trematodes

28
Q

What is the difference between Cestodes & Trematodes?

A

Cestodes= Tapeworm that is segmented & lacks a digestive tract

Trematode= non-segmented “Fluke”

29
Q

List the modes of parasitic transmission.

A
  • Ingestion
  • Direct penetration of skin
  • Inoculation by vectors
  • Congenital transmission
  • Transmission by transfusion or transplantation
30
Q

What are the mechanisms of parasitic disease?

A
  • Mechanical damage
  • Damage caused by parasitic products
  • Damage caused by the immune response to the parasite
31
Q

How does the immune response to protozoa differ from the response to helminths?

A

Protozoa= typical response similar to what would be seen against virus or bacteria

Helminths= IgE & eosinophil dominated

32
Q

How do parasites evade the immune system?

A
  • Size = often too large to be phagocytosed
  • Anatomical Location= residence in the gut makes it difficult for immune system to reach them
  • Intracellular sequestration
  • Formation of a cyst
  • Avoidance of phago-lysosomal destruction
  • Antigenic variation
  • Antigenic masking
  • Immunosuppression
33
Q

What is the major challenge to chemotherapeutic & immunological interventions to parasitic disease?

A
  • Parasitic organisms are eukaryotic cells & are very similar to human cells
  • Thus, treatment often results in toxicity to the host
  • Differential toxicity is achieved by using drugs that are metabolically altered only by the parasite
34
Q

What are the two major drug groups used in treating parasitic infections?

A
  • Anti-protozoals= target rapidly proliferating, metabolically active cells
  • Anti-helminths= Affect the neuromuscular system, carbohydrate metabolism, or egg production of adult worms

Microbiology (49 decks)

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