Exam 6 Lab Flashcards
What do all vertebrates, including lamprey have?
yolk sac membranes, macroclecithal egg, arcinephric duct, and archinephros kidney
What do all vertebrates minus lamprey have?
male and female ducts with males having archinephric/wollfian and female having paramesonephric/muellerian
What do mammals, snakes, alligators and birds have?
metanephric kidney and duct and amniotic egg: amnion, chorion and allantois
What do mammals have?
numerous nephrons, long loops of henle.
There: vagina, microlecithal egg, chorioallantoic placenta
eutherian: long gestation
What do birds have?
numerous nephrons and long loops of henle developed separate form mammals.
What si the function of the rectal gland? What animals have this?
shark. helps chrondicthyes regulate osmotic pressure by removing excess bivalent salts from blood stream and secreting salts into intestine as part of waste to be excreted.
What is the function of the female ovary? What animals have this?
shark and skate, and cat. alter hormone production and appearance to become corpus lute with follicle cell sin ovary nurturing egg before ovulation and secrete estrogen. after ovulation secrete estrogen and progesterone maintaingint the uterine lining
What is the function of the female infundibulum/ostium? What animals have this?
infundibulum- shark and skate and cat. opening or hole into the muellarian duct with infundibulum (enlarged end of oviduct or fallopian tube) forming in reproductive active female sharks when falciform ligament enlarges with single osmium leads into either oviduct
What is the function of the female oviduct? What animals have this?
shark and skate and cat. fertilization happens here
What is the function of the female uteri,? What animals have this?
shark and skate- paired and cat. present if fertilized eggs are stored temporarily or developing embryos retained in some form of viviparity.
What is the function of the female cloaca?? What animals have this?
shark and skate
What is the function of the female cervix? What animals have this?
cat. acts as a tight sphincter to prevent loss of fetuses form uterus during pregnancy and produces a thick mucous that acts as a barrier to infections entering body from vagina.
What is the function of the female vagina? What animals have this?
cat
What is the function of the female urogenital sinus? What animals have this?
cat
What is the function of the male testes? What animals are they found in?
shark, necturus, and cat
What is the function of the male epididymus? What animals are they found in?
shark, necturus, and cat. (epididymis on top storing sperm and sperm undergoes maturation and learns to swim)
What is the function of the male vas deferens? What animals are they found in?
shark, necturus, and cat. ductus vas defrenes also store sperm and highly muscular homologous and analogous to structures in mammals.
What is the function of the male sperm sac? What animals are they found in?
shark alkaline gland used for sperm storage but secretes highly alkaline fluids that may protect sperm
What is the function of the male Leydig’s gland? What animals are they found in?
shark. produce nutritive fluids to feed or protect sperm forming anterior kidney tissue. produces milky secretions that help transport sperm.
What is the function of the male siphon sac? What animals are they found in?
shark. built into clasper, ejects seawater with sperm and adds an energy rich secretion into that seminal fluid.
What is the function of the male claspers? What animals are they found in?
shark. transfer sperm into female reproductive tract
What is the function of the male urogenital papillae? What animals are they found in?
shark enclosed in the cloaca
What is the function of the male archiephric duct? What animals are they found in?
necturus. archinephric duct/wolffian duct connects to testes used to transport sperm with wolffian duct dividing into several regions .
What is the function of the male mesonephric duct? What animals are they found in?
necturus
What is the function of the male cloacal gland? What animals are they found in?
necturus
What is the function of the male scrotum? What animals are they found in?
cat. move testes into scrotal sac to allow sperm to develop at cooler temperatures
What is the function of the male urethra? What animals are they found in?
cat
What is the function of the male prostate? What animals are they found in?
cat. surrounds urethra and is located posterior to the urinary bladder ejecting a milky, slightly alkaline fluid into the urethra contributing to seminal fluid
What is the function of the male bulbourethral glands? What animals are they found in?
cat. smaller and primarily produces mucous prior to ejactualtion and mucous that empties into the urethra along and contributes to the seminal fluid. sitting at base of penis in cats and produce mucous aids in lubricating during intercourse
What is the function of the male penis? What animals are they found in?
cat. copulatory organ to transfer sperm into female reproductive tract
What are the different kinds of uteri?
duplex-rabbit double with paired uterine horns with paired cervixes opening into common vagina
bipartite-pig and pig. long, paired uterine horns but small uerine body with internal membrane partition though part of it and single cervix enters common vagina
bicomuate-goat paired, smaller or shorter uterine horns with large uterine body and single cervix into vagina
simplex-human
What are the names of the ducts in kidneys?
archinephric (lamprey), holonephric, pronephric, opisthonephris (fish and amphibian), mesonephric, and wolffian
What is special about amniote kidneys?
complex branching increasing nephrons developing new duct to drain urine called ureter budding from archinephric duct
What is special about the gonads in mammals?
they move posteriorly with testes moved to a scrotal sack with countercurrent heat exchange pampiniform plexus making sure it keeps cool
What are the seminal vesicles?
used for sperm storage not homogenous with mammals.
mammals- accessory gland helps produce seminal fluid not part of duct
What is the difference in the female and male kidney? in shark?
females lack leydig’s gland that makes most anterior portion of the male kidney. shell gland specialized large anterior region of oviduct large in mature snake storing sperm site of fertilization of eggs and secrete albumen mucous and horny egg case enclosing fertilized eggs in oviparous species reduced in size in species do not lay eggs may store sperm and secrete thin membranous sac around each embryo
What are opisthonephric kidneys?
urinary collecting tubes transport urine form kidneys into caudal end of ductus deferent with terminal portion of duct carrying sperm and urine
What are mesonephric kidneys?
in female nectarous only drain kidney
Why do male turtles have enormous penises?
because the female’s shell get in the way easily so it means that the penis will make contact with the female sex organs around the shell
What is paramesonephric duct?
mullein duct in gnathostomes don’t use archinephric duct for transport. muellarian duct subdivide into several regions for transport or store eggs from ovaries.
What are the structures of placenta in eutherian mammals
some maternal tissue contributes to formation of placenta. fetal chorions and allantois fuse to form fetal portion of placenta. in placenta (chorionic villi surrounded by maternal blood for gas and nutrient exchange
What is the amnion?
layer surrounding embryo and filled with amniotic fluid to suport/float embryo as it grows
What are chorion or chorioallantoic?
outermost layer forms placenta in part with allantois
What is the umbilical cord?
contains the arteries and veins that travel from embryo into placenta
What are the main layer son the uterus?
perimetric, myometrium, and endometrium with a lumen
What are the structures of the testes?
outside the epididymis the inside connection is the media stink with rite testis and the tubule testis are the red spots and the tunica albuginea surround the media stink and tubule testis
What are the main layer of the oviduct?
lumen is area in center, tunica mucosa is the red stuff in center and just outside is the tunica muscular and the tunica serosa is at the very edge and bottom
What are the main layers of the prostate gland?
The dark pink stuff surrounding the purple glands is the pseudo stratified columnar epithelium and the blood vessels are the areas with pink cells int he middle
What are the main parts in the dorsal view of the sheep brain?
right and left hemispheres, median sulcus, cerebellum, and spinal cord
What are the main parts in the ventral view of the sheep brain?
olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, optic nerve, optic chasm, infundibulum, mammary body, pyriform lobe, cerebral peduncle, pons, medulla oblongata, facial nerve 7, and vagus nerve 10
What are the main parts in the sagittal view of the sheep brain?
spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, tegmenjtum, mamary body, hy[pthalamus, pituitary gland, third ventricle, optic chasm, septum pellucid, corpus callous, pineal body, superior colliculus, lamina quadrigemina, arbor vitae (cerebellum)
What structures derive from the prosencephalon (forebrain)?
divides into telencephalon (cerebrum) and diencephalon (epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus)
right and left hemisphere, median sulcus, optic chasm, mammary body, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, third ventricle, optic chasm, septum pellucid, corpus callous
What structures derive from the mesencephalon (midbrain)?
develops without further subdivision and forms tectum
tegentum, superior colliculus, lamina quadrigemina
What structures derive from the rhombencephalon (hindbrain)?
subdivides into mesencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
cerebellum (left lateral, right lateral and vermis) . pons, medulla oblongata, facial nerve, vagus nerve, arbor vitae (cerebellum)
what are the functions of the vertebrate nervous system?
receives stimuli form receptors and transmits information to effectors that respond to stimulation
regulates behavior by integrating incoming sensory information with stored information (results of past experience) and translating that into action by away of effectors
What are the subdivisions of the nervous system?
central nervous system- brian and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system- cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and all branches of cranial and spinal nerves
Why was there an enlargement of the forebrain?
increasing complex behavior snd muscle control with the coordination of limb moment more complicated and increased input of sensory information and increased output of motor responses.
What are parts of the rhombencephalon and what are their functions?
myelencephlon, mesencephalon, and mesencephalon
What are the parts of the prosencephalon and what are their functions?
diencephalon and telencephalon
What is the myencephalon?
consists of the medulla oblongata with the origin of the cranial nerves and acts as a pathway for ascending and descending fiber tracts containing centers important in regulating respiration, heartbeat, and intestinal motility
What is the metencephalon?
consisting of the pons and cerebellum
What is the pons?
pathway for ascending and descending fiber tracts and origin of cranial nerves five, six, and seven
What is the cerebellum?
modifies and motors motor output, important in maintaining equilibrium coordinates and refines motor action
What is the mesencephalon?
consists of tectum including optic lobes and auditory lobes/
What are the optic lobes?
receives fibers form retina; vary ins Ire with relative importance of vision
What are the auditory lobes?
receives fibers form inner ear
What are the parts of the diencephalon?
consists of epithalamus, hypothalamus, and thalamus
What are the parts of the telencephalon?
cerebrum and two cereal hemispheres
What is the epithalamus?
includes pineal gland (epiphysis) that affects skin pigmentation by acting on melanocytes in lower vertebrates and plays a role in regulating biological rhythms in higher vertebrates
What is the hypothalamus?
important endocrine function. regulates body temperature, water balance, appetite, blood pressure, sexual behavior, and some aspect of emotional behavior
What is the thalamus?
major coordinating, or relay, center for sensory impulses form all parts of boday
What is the cerebrum?
two regions with dorsal pallium (medial, dorsal,and lateral divisions) and a ventral subpallium (consisting of stratum and septum).
What is a diffuse placenta?
non-deciduous shallow villi, spread over entire surface ex. pig
What is the difference between the opisthonephros and metanephros kidney?
the ostenephros has ducts that are behind the kidney have additional accessor ducts
metanephros kidney- develops only in most posterior or caudal segments of mesomere with complex branching to increase total number of nephrons developing new duct ureter forms as budding or outgrowth from archinephric duct
What are the ducts?
in gnathostomes, archinephric duct transports sperm/ wolffian duct divided into epididymis ductus vas deferent and seminal vesicles
What are the superficial ophthalmic trunk?
deals with facial functions, lateral line system
