Exam 4 Class Flashcards
What are the names of skeletal muscles based on?
– direction of fibers (e.g., oblique or transverse or orientaiton to main axis of body)
– location or posi,on (e.g., superficial or deep) – number of divisions (e.g., biceps triceps number of origins of muscle)
– shape (e.g., deltoid- triangular, rhomboid, circularies)
– origin (unmovable point of muscle) and/or insertion point (where part is going to move) (e.g., iliocostalis starts in illium and ends in the ribs) (insertion on the moveable attachment) – action (e.g., levator scapulae) – size (e.g., major)
– or some combination of these
What are the latin routes indicating direction relative to axis of body?
dorsi-dorsal, externus0 superfiical, extrinsic- outside, internus- deep internal, intrisncic- inside, lateralis0 lateral, medialis- medial middle, obliquous- oblique, superficialis- superficial, superioris- superior, transverus- transverse, ventralis- ventral
What are the latin routes indicating specific regions of body?
acromio- tip, cleido-clavicle, genio-chin, mastoi-breast shaped, palatoquadrati0 upper draw
What are the latin routes indicating shape, size or color ?
deltoid- triagnle, digastric- two bellies, gracilis- short slender, latissums- widesnt, platys- flat, rectus- stright parallel, semi-half partly, serratus- serrated (multiple fibers coming out in different places, teres- long and round, vasfus- great
What are the opposing muscle groups?
muscles come funcitonally paired with agonist muscle (prime mover muscle) and it has an antagonist that needs to relax in order for this action to take place such as (biceps and triceps, deltoids [lifting up arms] and latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major and trapezius/rhomboids, rectus abdominus [flexion forward] and erector spinae, illiopsoas and gluteus maximus, quadriceps and hamstrings, hip adductor and gluetus medius, tibialis anteiror and gastrocnemius)
What are the four muscle groups?
muscles in vertebrates divided into four different groups: skeletal muscle, non=skeletal muscle (muscles of tubes, vessels, and hollow organs such as intrinsic eyeball muscle and erectors of feathers and hair, cardiac muscle, and electric organs (cells from fish electric eel, heart nerve cells retian electrical properties of muscle but do not contracts)
What is skeletal muscle and what kinds?
skeletal, striated, voluntary muscle that are axial (body wall and tail, hypobranchial and tongue, extrinsic eyeball muscle- moving independently), appendicular, branchiometric (homologous to branchial/pharyngeal muscles from fishes to mammals striated muscles innervated by cranial nerves), and integumentary (attached direcly to skina nd move in particular directions, such as facial muscles and expressions).
What are the four general types of connective tissue?
Fascia: connective that Surrounds the muscle bundles, and muscles as a whole and t binds muscles with similar functions and forms sheaths to distribute nerves, blood vessels, etc. Superficial (subcutaneous) and deep. Raphe: Line of connection between muscles, seam that is pretty straight helps in some cases to attach muscle to each other. Myosepta: sheets of connective tissue sheets between myomere bundles connect to the axial skeleton. Tendons: Toughening of the fascia and connective tissue surrounding a muscle that attaches directly to bone, skin, or another muscle.
What is axial musculature?
has a primary role that is grater than propulsion having to do with how they attach to the sterygophores of ht eribs to stimulate propulsive movmenet
What does the muscles in the tail do?
muscles generate undulatory movemet dividing into chunks of trunk and tail and tail generating propulsive movement when undulating side to side creating much greater forward thrust compared ot the opposing force of water having vector if you decompose have lateral force doesnt help movement but this vector is forward movmeent and is pretty big. trunk alone isnt bending enough for propulsive force
Describe the evolution of muscles in the shark?
jaw and pharyngela muscle derive form two different embryonic structures. branchiomeric musculature- derived from somitomeres devleoping early on towards head of animal after mesoderm. bracnhiometirc derives from first arch creating levator palatoquadrati, spriacularis closing spriacles on the back of the eye. branchiomeric second arch going to levator hyomandibular and creating hyomandibular as changes happen in skeleton happens in muscles as well. branchiomeric 3-7 arches becomes the proper arches and muscles associated with closing and opening the gills and changing angle for more or less water. hypobrachial related to elevating roof of mouth and open with coracohypodarcual and mandibularis. dorsal division of myomeres creating hypaxial/ventral, and appendicular pectoral and pelvic abductors (moving back) and adductors (forward).
What is is a hypobranchial musculature/
from further differentiaiton of somitomeres from ventral growth of somites then establish hypobranchial msuculature.
What is so important about the branchiomeric musculature?
is closely associated with the cranial nerves. cranial nerves have very high fidelity with their musculature and it helps trace homology.
What are the structures four in sharks, amphibians, and cats?
raising cucullaris in shark raises pectoral girdles same as vertebrates and in cats is acromiotrapeuzius,stemomastoi, and clavotrapeziurs. extend or elevate the forelimb in the slaamander have triceps, latisimuss dorsi, doraslis scaupulis and in the cat hhave latissimus dorsi, acromiodeltoid, spindodeltoid
What are mud puppies?
In mudpuppys- external gills rarely out of water, teeth changes between stages.
How are myorbirals organized and how do they move?
Myofibrial are organized into sacromeres into thick and thin filaments making the muscle look striated. There is a depolarization wave from the nerve cell attached to each muscle cells spreading thorugh the trasnverse tubules= filaemtns slide simulatenously of thick and thin filaments across cross bridges. Within particular muscle cell can ahve particular units dependent upo length of muscel cell itself.
Whats the internal membrane in muscles?
New internal membrane system of cells wrapping around mycofibrals called sarcoplasmic reituclum where calcium is stores
How do filaments change based on length?
can shorten or elongate with an optimum length allows for more force (hump shaped short have less tension and reduce tension when elevating cells to a great degree filaments nooverlapping and cant form bonds because two far apart form eachother with best place to be is intermideate with overlap of thick and thin filaments).
What are red muscle?
muscle based on different between myoglobin with red having higher myoglobin ex. Duck has more red and higher amount of oxygen available for contraction (high hemoglobin, and resistant to fatique)
What is whit muscle?
contracts faster when flying has explosive bursts of flight
How are muscle fibers organized?
Muscle fibers ca be categorized according to their ability to sustain force.
What is tonic muscle?
slow contraction, low sustained force: amphibians and reptiles > birds and fish > mammals
What is twitch muscle?
fast contraction: somatic muscles of all vertebrates fiber types different in different muscles and different amounts
