Exam 2 Class Flashcards
What is important about bird migration?
birds ability to migrate much longer distance than any other animal on the planet going to temperate regions to breed to feed all babies bugs because of explosion of food. then return to place for food all year round. birds have intrinsic clock and around migration time cant stay still with direction in which they wanted to go based on the stars.
What is special about salamander respiration?
salamanders have to stop to breathe because as moving compressing lungs
What are the derived structure of teeth?
jaw made out of multiple bones, undifferentiated teeth. homodont- all same time of teeth
What are the ancestors of birds like?
ancestor giving rise to birds were reptilian like fiarly small with anapsid skull turned into synapsid- mammalian, with diapsid- in reptilian (turtle).
What are pelycosaurs?
pelicosaurs had enlarged canines spines with a stronger arched palate (stiff spine slow and not agile allowing them to breathe as they walk and run) many had neural spines on cervical and dorsal vertebrae which supported a large sail on back. appears to dissipate heat so functions as ectotherm warming up faster becoming effective predators warming up faster and lumbar after prey
much stronger palate and canines being carnivorous and herbivorous perhaps due to some changes of diet. ancestors gave rise to therapsids
What are therapsids?
reduce number of bones and hing is farther forward as an adaptation to chew food still have canines, stiff spine longer legs better locomtiona nd move around better may have been warm blooded and transtiion into endotherms because some fossil records indicate structure of fur or modifying epithetlial structure and a layer of fat under the skin.
What are cynodonts?
teeth modifed for slicing powerful jaws for more , complete secondary palate- bony: dividing food from air thing under tongue, turbinates-series of membranes ossified incresing surface area of olfactory epithelium and function of warming up air before coming into body and taking heat away from air you are breathing out, and lumbar ribs reduced (locomotion and breathing) and shorter tail.
What does the hard palate do?
keeps respiration and food consumption completely separate adn hard palate evolved convergently in other groups such as crocs, lizards and turtles and reonforcing the skull allowing simulatenous breathing and eating providnig much more support for chewing.
What is the hypothesis for how mammals came to be?
hypotehses for radiation of mammals was because dinosaurs came extinct opening up niches for very little tiny group of mammals. The extinction at end of permian had therapsids that were exinct and vast majority becoming extinct perhaps movement of continents, comet shower or asteroid.
What did thereans give rise to?
thereans give rise to three lineages of extant mmals (marsupials, monotemes, eutherians, and )probbaly already had hair and mamary glands all small and shrew like with full division of labor in teeth: canines, incisors, and molars and more precise occlusion of teeth matching top and bottom. They have single bone on lower jaw (reptiles had series of other bones and bone in back), post dental bones are lost, articular transforms into malleus becomeing joint to. important three middle ear bones: malleus (articular), incus (quadrate), and stapes (hydromandibular) vs. only stapes in reptiles by looking at cells in embryos derived from bones in jaw from reptiles.
What are the comparative structures of the earlier extinct species compared to meals?
agnathan- first igll arch becomes jaw, second gill arch becomes hyoid arch
Extinct- lobe finned fish Eustehmopteron a bone called hydomandibula is assocaited with an air filled gill pouch and articulates with optic capsul (ear region) to control movements of the lower jaw and other parts of head and throat
acnathostega- intermediate between lobe-finned fishes and first tetrapods that were fully capable of coming onto land. bone called staptes (formed in part form reduced-size hyomandibula) peneratreas otic capsula thorugh opening called fenestra vesibuli. these stapes could transmit virations emanating from sound-indueced pressure changes in air-filled gill pouch to otic capsule.
working so that bones in middle ear close contact with inner ear and tympanic membrane eharing sound waves from outer ear vibrate and pass on through tympanic membrane using hair cells in lateral line of sharks and translated into brain.
What are monotremes?
spiny echidna, platypus, nurse young but no nipples having antibacterial, lay eggs, hair, 5 species, have teeth at young but no teeth no adult teeth, endotherms, nurse their young, reptile gait: legs on side not underneath, 10 sex chromosomes, male platypus produce venom: convergent evolution, single cloacal opening (birds and reptiles, anus, reproductive and urinary in one opening), feed on invertebrates, fully endotherms keep much cooler temperatures did not rest mammals, 2 oviducts but only left is active, move like reptiles, male platypus produce venom (possibly for laying eggs), double headed penis (four thing penis and asymmetric)
What is marsupials?
give birth to very undeveloped young (altricial- cant function need a lot of time), females carry them in pouch. short pregnancy. 300 species in australia and america (possum, koala, tazmanian devl, kangaroo), small skull 40-50 teeth, double horn uterus and vagina, double headed penis, changes in development to speed up maturaiton of brain and facial structure, can stay in pouch for up to a year, temproary placenta. females speed up development of head and grasping because have to crawl on mom and find pouch
What is the marsupial reproductive cycle?
short gestation 4-5 weeks, joey comes out and suckles for 235 days leaving pouch and still suckle eating different kind of milk. mate right after giving birth (diapause- arrested development for when the joey is suckling until she is read jump starting gestation at the same time that the joey suckling on foot baby out baby in.
possum- multiple babies, fake death
What are eutherians like?
babies able to see, walk and fend for themselves (placental) mammals. placenta is ubiquitous: form from mother and embryo tissues, altricial and precocial young, generally longer pregnancy with shorter lactation, delayed fertilization (store sperm) delayed implantation (use sperm mate and then goes into without implanting fertilized egg until conditions right and implant) and delayed development (embryo implanted and doesnt develop reabsorb fetuses when stressors) with many sepcies have a baculum or penis bone. baby helps form placenta and because some genes from daddy there is more conflict with carrying pregnancy with mom trying to save resources and dad wanting the best baby.
What is special about female mammals?
female mammals have estrous cycle, ovulate after a peak in estrogen poduction with
induced ovulation: induced by coitus itself or male smeinal proteins
spontaneous ovulation: whenever conditions are right
monestrous- 1 ovulation period per year
polyestrous- multiple ovultations per year
menstrual cycle- estrus followed by menstrauation, shedding of uterine lining, only in humans, apes, and old world moneky
large mmamls (herbivores)- longer gestations with precocial newborns
small insectivores, rodents, carnivores- shorter gestations, artificial newborns (sightless and hairless)
What is special about human gestation?
Humans have relatively long gestational lengths, large=brained infants, and large bodied infnats weirdly long for body size but when you look at the newborn brain size in baby humans is enormous and hten newborn body size is enormous in compared to other animals born extremely altricial despite being large at birth
pelvic space hypothesis- babies born prematurely because of brain size pelvis literally stretches
age of weaning for babies weaning babies faster in lactation alone in three years because of social structure with alloparental carea nd extended groups long term pair bones with males but lots of extended family members and cooperative care of young shortening interbirth interval and producing much faster. orangutan- low reproductive output and long reproductive care.
Compare gestational and lactational differences between marsupials and meals?
Gestational and lactational differences between marsupials and mammals comparing similarly sized marsupialas (wean for a long period and takes much more energy) and eutherian mmamls (much longer gestation with less lactaiton)
Besides eutherians what kind of animals have placenta?
Gestational and lactational differences between marsupials and mammals comparing similarly sized marsupialas (wean for a long period and takes much more energy) and eutherian mmamls (much longer gestation with less lactaiton)
What occurs in gastrulation?
2 layer pancake when makes organism, epiblast- ectoderm and hypoblast- endoderm. cells from epiblast folding in and going under the layer through the primitive streak forming and invaginating. ectoderm an mesoderm from epiblast cells explaining close relationship between structures coming from ectoderm to mesoderm and mesoderm between two layers. formaiton of notochord from mesoderm. neuraltion after gastrulation and neural plate from invagination of ectoderm forming closed tube becoming dorsal nerve cord. neural crest distributing out through embryo.
How does the germ layer endoderm influence body?
germ layers influence and a part of different systems of body with endoderm internal layer and most of glands
What develops form the mesoderm?
becoming strutural part of body and compairsons of mesoderm as part of body and muscles haelping body move around.
What develops form the ectoderm?
external layer in skin cells of epidermis forming nervous tissues and pigment cels derived from nerual crest cells
What are the four main types of tissues?
epithelium connective tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue
What is a tissue?
distributed throughout body and performing function.
What is epithelium?
arising from ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm it is typically resting on a basal layer and one of the characterisitics epithleeium with not a lot of space between them as highly organized tissue.q
What is the main function of epithelium?
covering and lining
What is simple epithelium?
single layer of cells ayers of cells further defined based on shape of cells squamous-flat body cavity, cuboidal- ducts of glands, columnar-digestive tracts
What is strafed epithelium?
skin, mouth , and esophagus keratinized or non-keratinized
What is glandular epithelium?
produce glands with secretory functions
What is exocrine?
-duct that leads away to particular location where products of glands are going to be used: localized action) singular duct or complex duct depending on functin and architecture
What is endocrine glandular?
(testes produced and through capillaryies circulated
What is connective tissue?
diverse function throughout body function to hold things together with a lot of extracellular matrix loosely associated with eachother except adipose tissue with close fit. ECM determines physical properties of connective tissue and has two functional role protein fibers, and ground substances. how tight it is influencing role going to play with connective tissues divided two different categoires. arise from mesoderm and neural crest cells
What is general connective tissue?
widely dispersed, ligaments, tendons, wrappaing of different organs lossse0 mesenchyme, adipose etc. (fibrous)-dense collagen.
What is localized connective tissue?
hyaline carilage, elastic cartilage, fibrous carilage, bone, hemopoetic tissue, , blood
What are the layers of the integument?
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis?
What are some things in the layers of the integument?
mucous cuticles, basal lamina, dermis chromatophore, stratum compact, superficial tracia
What is integument/
skin largest organ of body formed from integumentary structures result of interaction between epidermis and dermis. resulting
What are the functions of skin?
immune protection secreting antibiotics keeps organism barrier thermoregulation protection from mechanial abrasion gas exchange (for some species) synthesizing vitamin D interacting with external world (sensory) Uv protection Dessication
What structures derive from the epidermis?
baleen, claws, nails horns, and beaks form
What structures derive from the dermis?
formal dermal bones (osteoderms and reptiles)
What structures derive from the epidermis/dermis?
interacting resulting in teeth, denticles, fish scales, hair, mammary glands, feather
What is the basement membrane?
basement membrane- starum basela/germinativum- bottom layer nutrition coming into cells with new cells generated and move up on layers until mucous layer or keratinized layer (dead). environment can cause damage so constantly replenish function
What are some developmental structure changes in the integument?
generalized development of structure in integument- think keratinized covering on top of epidermis folding in or our
with swelling of dermis and dermis growing and something invaginated ending up with feather
opposite with mamallian hair invagination becomes ventral hair
invagination- exocrine gland tissue that is complex and create mammary gland
scales with dermal bone in them folding of epidermis making scales
teeth invaignations coming back out through integumental tissue
