Exam 1 Class Flashcards
What is special about the hagfish?
tongue comes out when breathing, still notochord
What is special about the lamprey?
kertanized tissues- proteins. reproduce in streams and the amnocete larvae burying themselves in ground undergoing metamoprphosis and filter feed using pharyngeal slits and then come from tubes they create then migrate towards lakes and find fish to parasitize. has a buccal funnel so mouth structure comes out with keratinized teeth once dug keratin teeth into prey tongue has keratinized spines to rasp away flesh of animals. chomp and fall off finding another fish.
What is special about the conodont?
mysterious mineralized fossil teeth finally connected to a jawles but very motile vertebrate, modfiicaiton on pharyngeal basket suspension feeding into moving plate that caught and shredded food, recent analysis shows evidence fo convergent tooth evolution (vvertebrate teeth were not derived from conodont teeth, because they do not have material form odontods) mineralization rose independently. first with mineralized hard tissues.
What are ostracoderms?
agnathan, complex eyes, teeth with dentin: neural crest derived tooth component (from odontoblasts), some paired appendages, sensory lateral line, evolution of dermal bone body armor covering cartilage vertebral skeleton with an epidermis made of keratin and a dermis of mesoderm. all extinct with armored bodies and head shields
What is different about vertebrates?
- had cephalization with an increase in the sensory systema dn differentiation of brain lumps with the sensory apparatus coming with us deriving from neural crest cells. with an enxlosure of the anterior neural tube in cartilage/bone subsequent derivation of cartilaginous vertebrae bony jaws and cranium. with further ossification of a skeleton and derivation of appendicular skeleton. gils used for respiration not just feeding an da real circulatory sytem is staritng to form with a dorsal and ventralaorta. centrum where notochord ends up and dorsal nerve cord.
What are gnatostomes?
things with jaws
making up the placoderms, chondrocytes, mechanoreceptors
What are some key similari7es and differences between ostracoderms and placoderms?
similarities: encased in heavy bone armor, small till, head shield composed of large plated of fused dermal bone
differences: jaws, with teeth, paired pectoral and pelvic fins, notochord with ossified neural and hemal arches, some large, claspers for internal fertilization
Why do we think that the cartilaginous skeleton of chondrichthyans reflects a secondary loss of ossified bone?
there ancestors had a lot more bone suggesting that they lost it to be lighter in the water and perhaps more streamlined
Why is the lateral line a mechanoreceptor organ? Where does it derive from developmentally?
Hair cells within supportive cells create neuromast (fluid filled canal and fluid change direction on currents) organs and part of what makes lateral line function along fish water currents going to when prey next to it with pores along whole body.
derived from latetal line and otic ectodermal placodes- respond selectively to mechanical stimuli (asymmetry of the bundle). translate mechanical information into electrical signal
detecting water currents, maintinaing balance and hearing sounds. lateral line derives from neuromast cells.
What is the relationship between the presence of a swim bladder and locomotion in fish?
the swim bladder held with buoyancy keeping them afloat so that they swim straight and up and do not have to exert extra energy to stay afloat so they can better swim
How are fleshy fin appendages different from ray fin appendages and how do they function in sarcopterygians?
fleshy fin appendages have one large bone and have short projecting appendages with soft muscle and internal bony elements for pivoting in shallow water and holding on to the bottom and some have lungs. they don’t have whereas the ray fin have mAny long thin bones
Why is the human hand homologous to Tiktaliik’s fin?
the bone structure in the human limbs derive from the fin making it homologous and they both have the one big bone, two smaller bones and then many small bones
What are placoderms?
oldest but newer than ostracoderms as they are similar to ostracoderms encased in heavy bone armor, small tail, head shiled composed of large pleated of fused dermal bones
How do placoderms differ from gnatostomes?
placoderms different from ostracorerms with jaws and some teeth, paired pectoral and pelvic fins creating limbs, notochord with ossified neural and hemal arches with some being very large and have claspers for internal fertilization which was the fist to have internal fertilization
What are chondryicthyes?
reproduction using internal fertilizations with males have claspers between pelvice fins.
What is oviparous?
-fertilized egg is laid,
What is ovoviparous?
eggs develop within female and living young are born no placenta or placental structures,
What is viviparous?
embryos develop within female and living young are born some placenta-like sturctures of maternal origin
What are sharks and rays?
(elasmobranchs-5-7 gil openings) with cariligainous fish. They have cartilaginous endoskeleton (secondary loss of bone, so their ancestor has a lot more bone) (cartilaginous bones instead made them faster in the water being incredible predators and very streamlined was actually a way to be a little lighter to swim faster, claspers on males, placoid scaled (form beneath the skin, then erupt- offer protection from ectoparasites that would attach to bodies and might help with hydrodynamics of swimming minimizing turbulence flow of water streamlining them), serial replacement of teeth (derived from epidermal tissue and placoid scales), no swim bladder (so has heterocercal tail with one lobe longer than another tail helping to propel themselves upward so tend to sink and shape of fin allows them to go upward when they swim). subterminal mouth not at end of mouth but below with sensory organs at tip of snout helping them to detect electric signals from prey (hammerhead very exaggerated). distinction in lobes of brain with fancier circulatory system, real liver, defined gonads, large stomach and digestive system and glands
What is holocephalli?
(chimeaera)- claspers, single gil opening (like the rest of fish), deep ocean fish
What is mechanoreceptors?
cells responsive to small changes in mechanical force (sound, water currents) one type: hair cells have a body and a hair tip (epithelial) then connected to nerve terminal with a grandient in size of sterocilia increasing sensitivity smaller and placed in particular direction. Hair cells within supportive cells create neuromast (fluid filled canal and fluid change direction on currents) organs and part of what makes lateral line function along fish water currents going to when prey next to it with pores along whole body.
derived from latetal line and otic ectodermal placodes- respond selectively to mechanical stimuli (asymmetry of the bundle). translate mechanical information into electrical signal
detecting water currents, maintinaing balance and eharing sounds
What are found in both?
neuromast: fish- lateral lines, vestibular organs: in all vertebrates balance and sound (along with inner ear)
What are osteichythes?
palaeonisciformes, neopterygii, and sarcopterygii. have extensive ossification of their endoskeleton, swim bladder, outpocketing of gut or pharynx gas filled helps with buoyance, bony operculum (gills), body covered with overlapping scales and a terminal mouth
What are ray-finned fishes?
rays derived from endosekelton, controlled by muscles within the body wall
What happens as fish development goes through?
internal skeleton gets more ossified, the skull and scales get less ossified. ome still heterocercal tails, other.
thinner less overlapping scales (more flexibility, increase jaw mobility, homocercal tails, in all aquatic habitats)
What are the most diverse group?
neopterigyains are the most diverse group (teleosts)
What are ganoid scales?
nontelost bony fish
What are cycloid scales?
teolost fish
What is the teleost anatomy?
brain, well-developed eyes, ossified vertebraes, better heart and digestive sytem. bony rays derived from endoskeleton attached to muscles
What are placode?
placode originate in skin then erupt, design for channeling water decreasing turbulence
What is Sarcopterygii?
fleshy finned fish- short projecting appendanges with soft muscle and internal bony elements from ray fish. For pivoting in shallow water (lungfish or holding on to the bottom (coelacanths- living animals do not stop evolving) dipnoids- some of them have lungs and can breathe air (mostly fresh water) produce mucous to keep from dehydrating and gulp air.
what are heterocercal?
shark vertebra goes ot the tip of the tail
What are diphycercal?
lungfish vertebra goes in towards the tip of the tail lim
What are homocercal?
Perch- vertebrate terminate at base of tail with projections offering skeletal support
What are tetrapods?
Limbs evolved from fleshy fins evolved for terrestrial locomotion instead of navigating in water. Acanthostega- early known tetrapod
What is a chiridium?
muscular limb with well defined joints and digits with robust pectoral digit bones, loss of bony gill covers (operculum), large ribs for torso support on land
What is tiktaalik?
large shallow water fish found missing connection between fishes and walking land creatures
shoulder, elbow, proto-wrist capable of performing type like push up, still had fins, scales, and primitive jaws like a land living animal neck, wrists, flat head (submerged eyes on top of head to watch for potential danger and gradual change in shape of the head), expanded ribs.
intermediate form from transition have free wrist, neck, flat head, fins, sclaes, and primitive jaws.
What is eusthenopteron?
385 million years ago with squished bones allowing fin to move (no ribs and round head with eyes on side), in 375 millin years ago the tiktaalik transitional footlike structure (all different components of in fin with flat head eyes on top, neck, specialized fins and ribs, one big bone two bones and a bunch of little bones and 8 digits) , then the icthyostega at 365 million years ago they found the hind limb (walking on land well developed pectoral and hind limbs and digits).
What is the common plan for all limbs?
one bone, two bones, then little blods then fingers or toes all modified based on the species. fins of most fish have large amounts of fin webbnga dn many bones at the based the lungfish had a single bone at base of appendage with bones filling gap compared to our upper arm and forearm.
what is internal fertilization?
throughout time is lost in evolutioinary time many times with claspers re-evolving in rays into pelvic claspers with very few fish having internal fertilization except guppies
What are amniotes?
edeveloped penis so cradles, birds and mammals
What is a tetrapod?
chiridium (muscular limbs with well-defined joints and digits) having robust pectoral digit bones, layrinthodont teeth infeeding of tooth wall and a loss of bony gill covers with large ribs for torso support on land
What are the amniote groups?
Amniotes- two main lineages the suropsodia and synapsidia (mammals). The relationships within these groups traditiionally was based on skull morphology. suroposodia- (testadines- turtles), dinosaurs, crocodiles, birds, and extinct marine reptiles.
What are diaspdis?
diapside- Archosaus- crocodiles birds and dinosaurs and lepidosuaromorphs- lizards and newts.
Diapsid- all other reptiles, including birds temporal bar between the two fenestra. UTB- Sq and Po bones, LTB- jugal and duadratogjugal bones
What is skull fenestration?
Skull fenestration- d escribng cariation in temporal region of the skull with four differnt types of skulls anapsid (0 temporal fenestra- first amnioes and turtles. ) , synapsid (1 temporal fenestra- mammal) , diapsid (2 temporal fenestra- all other reptiles including birds) , and euryapsid (1 temporal fenestra lost 2nd temporal fenestra came from diapsid extinct marine reptibles).
What is the temporal fenestra?
Temporal fenestra- number of holes in the back of eye.
What are temporal arches?
temporal arches- position squamosal (sq), and post-orbital (Po) bones. quadratic jugles bones and slightly modfied in the other groups and lost in euryapsid.
What are turtles classified as?
turtles with diapsids, and the synapsids are also amniotes. we dont know if anapsid characteristics evolved in turtles from diapsids.
What is reptile?
artificial or real taxa?
reptiles are an artifical taxa, in order to be real it must include birds.
What are fish scales made of?
fish have placode scale dermal skin from deeper layer of integument
What are general reptile traits?
eproduction have amiotic eggs with shell, internal fertilization, oviparous, ovoviviparous, vivparous (few), with direct development
Epidermal scales and claws (except snakes)- hinges on scales coming from epidermis and overlapping scales providing protection
5 digits on each limb (except snakes
well devleoped thoacic ribs (except turtles which have modified eggs with shell)
membrane with excretory area in allantois, embryo inside amnion yolk and a leathery shell
What are turtles and what is special about them?
Turtles have two parts of modified shell dorsal- carapce with a fusion of vertebrae and modificaiton of ribs merging together to form protective case. ventral- plastron. limbs and girdles articulated within body shell and with a retractable head to hide from predators.
lay large clutches with leathery shells,no parental care, high levels of mixed paternity, large intromitent organ, females can store sperm for a long time and have multiple dads, long reproductive intervals
few species defend a territory.
typically long-lived, mostly solitary,
Have a varied diet: grass and other plants, fish, invertebrates
terrestrial (tortoise) and aquatic (spend most time in water despite laying eggs- jaguar and great white are predators have problem with fidelity)
What is temperature sex determination?
temperature sex determination in turtles and crocodilians with no sex chromosomes: turtles low temperatures 100% male, and warmer more females. crocodiles- low temperatures feamle and higher percentage is male. With climate change there is going to be changed in the concentration of males.
What is heteromorphic?
different sizes of sex chromosomes
What is homomorphic?
same size sex chromosomes determining male and/or female
What are crocodiles?
well developed brain, associated with water, tropical, fresh water mostly, and top predators: adaptations for feedings on very large prey.
What is crocodile divided up into?
divided into alligators, gavilalidae (narrow snout feed on fish can open wider cuz its longer and it is faster) and crocodylidae (largest and catch largest prey, which feeds on everything else more powerful )
