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Anatomy > Exam #6 > Flashcards

Exam #6 Flashcards

1
Q

What lies between the cerebrum and the brainstem?

A

diencephalon

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2
Q

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the

A

thalamus

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3
Q

The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the

A

medulla oblongata

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4
Q

What are properties of the limbic system?

A
  • functions in emotions, learning, and memory
  • located between the border of the cerebrum and diencephalon
  • links conscious functions of the cerebral cortex with unconscious functions of the brainstem
  • contains cerebral and diencephalic components
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5
Q

Integrative centers concerned with the performance of complex processes are restricted to either the left or the right hemisphere. These complex processes include

A

speech, understanding spatial relationships, writing, and mathematical computation

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6
Q

What are functions of the hypothalamus?

A

coordinates day-night cycles of activity/inactivity, controls autonomic centers, secretes hormones, regulates body temperature

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7
Q

The highest levels of information processing occur in the

A

cerebrum

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8
Q

White matter fibers that pass from one gyrus to the adjacent gyrus are called

A

arcuate fibers

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9
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

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10
Q

cerebrum is primarily responsible for

A

conscious thought

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11
Q

the pia mater is bound to the brain by

A

astrocytes

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12
Q

in the limbic system,the amygdaloid body is responsible for

A
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13
Q

The limbic system is responsible for

A

memory storage and retrieval, linking conscious thought to unconscious thought, emotional states

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14
Q

T or F. hemispheric lateralization refers to the separation of functions based on anterior/posterior separation of the brain

A

false, separation of right or left

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15
Q

What percent of neural tissue does the brain have

A

97%

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16
Q

average weight of brain

A

3 pounds

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17
Q

3 parts to brainstem

A

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

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18
Q

neural tube

A

4 weeks of development, Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon, Spinal cord

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19
Q

4 major regions of the brain

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

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20
Q

cerebrum

A

conscious thought, memory storage, sensory processing, biggest part of the brain

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21
Q

diencephalon

A

gateway between lower part and upper part of brain

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22
Q

cerebellum

A

sits at base of skull, balance and control of muscles

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23
Q

how many ventricles in the brain

A

lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, aqueduct of midbrain, fourth ventricle

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24
Q

ventricle defintion

A

chamber filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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25
Q

corpus callosum

A

white matter that connects the the two hemispheres

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26
Q

cranial meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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27
Q

dural folds

A

Dura mater can help divide into physical sections

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28
Q

choroid plexus

A

ependymal cells and capillaries, produces CSF

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29
Q

Arachnoid granulation

A

arachnoid mater of cranial meninge, CSF gets recycled here

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30
Q

medulla oblongata

A

first gateway, autonomic reflexes and visceral functions

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31
Q

pons

A

communication and attachment for the cerebellum and rest of brain

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32
Q

cerebellum

A

connected to brain by pons, postural muscles and fine tuning conscious and subconscious movements

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33
Q

cerebellum parts

A

vermis, anterior and posterior lobe, folia,

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34
Q

purkinje cells

A

lots of dendrites, in cerebellum

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35
Q

midbrain

A

work with cerebellum for coordination and learn complex motor patterns

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36
Q

diencephalon

A

sits above brain stem. epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus. secretes and regulates hormones

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37
Q

epithalamus

A

hold pineal gland which produces melatonin

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38
Q

thalamus

A

second gateway, recipes visual and auditory info, send signals to midbrain and cerebrum

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39
Q

hypothalamus

A

licking, swallowing, body temp reg, pituitary gland control which is for growth. and controls emotions

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40
Q

limbic system

A

relationship between cerebrum and diencephalon, associate memories with emotions. skateboard example

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41
Q

cerebrum components for limbic system

A

cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus

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42
Q

diencephalon components for limbic system

A

anterior group of thalamic nuclei, hypothalamus, mammillary body

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43
Q

lobes of the brain

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

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44
Q

frontal lobe

A

gustatory, olfactory, motor cortex

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45
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex

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46
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory cortex

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47
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual cortex

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48
Q

sulci

A

valley in cerebrum

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49
Q

gyrus

A

mountain in cerebrum

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50
Q

lateral sulcus

A

divides frontal and temporal lobe

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51
Q

central sulcus

A

same as coronal suture

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52
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

divides parietal and occipital lobe

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53
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor

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54
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

primary sensory

55
Q

integrative center

A

deal with complex processes with lots of neurons

56
Q

hemispheric lateralization

A

Differing of processes based on what hemisphere it’s on

57
Q

left hemisphere

A

math and logic

58
Q

right hemisphere

A

sensory info, spatial visualization, artsy

59
Q

white matter

A

communication between lobes and hemispheres, fast because of myelination

60
Q

same hemisphere communication with white matter

A

association fibers

61
Q

longitudinal fibers

A

front to back of same hemisphere

62
Q

arcuate fibers

A

gyrus to gyrus
or
sulci to sulci

63
Q

commissural fibers

A

connecting hemispheres

64
Q

projection fibers

A

in between lobes

65
Q

I

A

olfactory, smell

66
Q

I function

67
Q

II

A

optic, sight

68
Q

II function

69
Q

III

A

oculomotor, moving eye

70
Q

III function

71
Q

IV

A

trochlear, eye

72
Q

IV function

73
Q

V

A

trigeminal, face

74
Q

V function

75
Q

VI

A

abducens, eye

76
Q

VI function

77
Q

VII

78
Q

VII function

79
Q

VIII

A

vestibulocochlear, ear

80
Q

VIII function

81
Q

IX

A

glossopharyngeal, tongue and neck

82
Q

IX function

83
Q

X

A

vagus, visceral organs

84
Q

X function

85
Q

XI

A

accessory, tongue and neck

86
Q

XI function

87
Q

XII

A

hypoglossal, tongue and neck

88
Q

XII function

89
Q

general senses

A

temp, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

90
Q

sensation

A

movement of info being carried by sensory neurons

91
Q

perception

A

awareness of that sensation

92
Q

4 types of sense receptors

A

Nociceptors, Thermoreceptors, Chemoreceptors,Mechanoreceptors

93
Q

nociceptors

A

pain, type A and type C

94
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature

95
Q

chemoreceptors

A

water and lipids

96
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

mechanical things, Propioreceptors, Baroreceptors, Tactile receptors

97
Q

Propiorecptors

A

joints and muscles

98
Q

baroreceptors

99
Q

tactile receptors

A

touch, pressure, vibrations

100
Q

adaptation

A

reduced sensitivity to specific stimuli

101
Q

referred pain

A

somewhere other than the place that is causing the pain

102
Q

parkinson disease

A

damage to substantia nigra which is in medulla oblongata

103
Q

rabies

A

attack on peripheral axons

104
Q

cerebral palsy

A

damage to motor pathways so you lose voluntary motor control

105
Q

ALS

A

skeletal muscles get smaller because CNS neurons are destroyed

106
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

loss of higher order cerebral functions

107
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

loss of speech, balance, and motor control because of demyelination of the optic nerve, brain, and spinal cord

108
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in both divisions of the ANS

A

acetylcholine, pre ganglionic nuerons

109
Q

increased metabolic rate and activation of sweat glands indicate activation of ___ receptors

A

alpha and beta

110
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls visceral functions

111
Q

3 divisons in ANS

A

enteric, sympathetic, parasympathetic

112
Q

enteric division

A

digestion system, 100 million neurons and all the same neurotransmitters

113
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

114
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

115
Q

parasympathetic location

A

craniosacral, brain stem and sacral

116
Q

sympathetic location

A

thoracolumnar, thoracic and lumber

117
Q

parasympathetic ganglia location

A

close to or in target organs

118
Q

sympathetic ganglia location

A

close to spinal cord

119
Q

sympathetic increases

A

metal awareness, metabolic rate, respiration rate/dilation of passageways, heart beat/blood pressure, sweat glands, energy reserves

120
Q

sympathetic decreases

A

digestion and urinary function

121
Q

preganglionic neurons in sympathetic

A

short, acetylcholine

122
Q

postganglionic neurons in sympathetic

A

long, norepinephrine, epinephrine

123
Q

preganglionic neurons in parasympathetic

A

long, acetylcholine

124
Q

postganglionic neurons in parasympathetic

A

short, acetylcholine

125
Q

parasympathetic increases

A

salivary secretions, blood flow to digestive system, urination and defecation functions

126
Q

parasympathetic decreases

A

metabolic rate, heart rate, blood pressure

127
Q

protein receptors for sympathetic

A

Alpha and beta

128
Q

protein receptors for parasympathetic

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

129
Q

sympathetic activation

A

everything must increase and decrease, all or nothing

130
Q

parasympathetic activation

A

it can decide what to activate and what to not activate

131
Q

Stimulation/activation of the sympathetic NS is generally which neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

132
Q

enteric NS is part of the ANS, what system does it control?

133
Q

what visceral receptors depends on organs expanding/contracting?

A

baroreceptor

134
Q

T or F. autonomic tone is the sporadic level of spontaneous activity in the absence of stimuli

A

F, should say continuous level of spontaneous activity in the absence of stimuli

Anatomy (8 decks)

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