Exam #2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are tissues formed from?
A
group of cells
2
Q
study of tissues
A
histology
3
Q
4 tissue types
A
epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural
4
Q
epithelial tissue
A
covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, produces glandular secretions
5
Q
Connective tissue
A
fills internal spaces, proves structural support, stores energy
6
Q
Muscle tissue
A
contracts to produce active movement
7
Q
Neural tissue
A
conducts electrical impulses and carries information
8
Q
2 basic categories of epithelial tissue
A
Epithelia and glands
9
Q
Epithelia
A
covers exposed surfaces and line internal cavities and passageway
10
Q
glands
A
derived from epithelia
11
Q
4 functions of epithelial tissue
A
Physical protection, control permeability, sensation, secretion
12
Q
How is epithelial tissue classified?
A
by shape and arrangement
13
Q
squamous
A
flat and thin
14
Q
cuboidal
A
cube like
15
Q
columnar
A
tall and thin
16
Q
3 shapes of epithelial
A
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
17
Q
2 arrangements
A
simple and stratified
18
Q
simple
A
one layer
19
Q
stratified
A
multi layer
20
Q
Are epithelial avascular or vascular
A
avascular- lacking blood vessels
21
Q
what does it mean for the epithelial tissue if its avascular?
A
Blood vessels in underlying tissues nourish the entire epithelium
22
Q
Simple squamous definition
A
thin layer of single cells, most delicate epithelium type
23
Q
Simple squamous function
A
absorption and diffusion
24
Q
Simple squamous location
A
kidneys, inside eye, and gas exchange surfaces of lungs
25
Stratified squamous definition
multiple layer of cells
26
Stratified squamous function
protection against mechanical or chemical stresses
27
Stratified squamous location
surface of skin, inside mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina
28
epithelial fact about keratin
On skin surface, epithelial cells have keratin, which is protein that adds strength and protections against dehydration
29
Simple cuboidal function
secretion and absorption
30
Simple cuboidal location
line exocrine glands and ducts, kidneys, thyroid gland
31
Stratified cuboidal definition
rare,**
32
Why is Transitional epithelial tissue a separate classification?
Tolerates repeated stretching without damage
33
Stratified cuboidal location
in ducts, sweat glands, mammary glands, exocrine glands
34
Where is transitional tissue found?
urinary bladder, ureters, chambers in kidneys
35
Simple columnar function
absorption and movement
36
Simple columnar location
stomach lining, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, kidney ducts
37
2 types of stratified columnar
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar and Stratified columnar
38
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar definition
not truly stratified because all cells are in contact with the basal lamina
39
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar location
nasal cavities, trachea, larger lung airways
40
Stratified columnar definition and location
relatively rare but in salivary glands and pancreas
41
2 types of glandular epithelia
Endocrine and exocrine
42
Endocrine
secret products directly into the blood
43
Exocrine
secret products onto a surface
44
3 methods of secretion
Merocine, Apocrine, Holocrine
45
merocine
product released from vesicles by exocytosis, most common
46
apocrine
multiple vesicles with product shed with cytoplasm
47
holocrine
product concentration build up inside a cell until the cell bursts, releasing the product
48
3 structural types of glands
simple, compound, mucous cell
49
simple
single duct that does not divide
50
compound
duct divides 1+ times
51
mucous cell
independent, scattered gland cells
52
6 main functions of connective tissue
Structural framework for the body, moving fluids and dissolved materials, protecting organs, supporting/surrounding/connecting other tissues, storing energy reserves, defense against microorganisms
53
Are connective avascular or vascular
highly vascular-lots of blood vessels
54
3 basic components of connective tissue
Specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, ground substance
55
3 general types of connective tissues
fluid connective tissue, connective tissue proper, supportive connective tissue
56
connective tissue proper
many types of cells and extracellular fibers in syrupy substance
57
fluid connective tissue
cells suspended in watery matrix that have dissolved proteins
58
Supportive connective tissues
less diverse cell population. Protect soft tissues and support weight of a body part or the body
59
2 types of connective tissue proper
loose and dense
60
loose
fibers create open framework
61
dense
fibers are packed
62
3 types of Loose connective tissue
areolar, adipose, reticular
63
areolar
most common type of connective tissue in body, packing material in body
64
adipose
found deep under skin, insulation, energy reserve
65
reticular (loose connective tissue)
liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes bone marrow, provides support and resists shape change
66
11 cell types in Areolar (loose) connective tissue
Melancoyte, fixed macrophage, mast cell, fibroblasts, adipocytes, plasma cell, free macrophages, mesenchymal cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils, and lymphocytes
67
Melancoyte
fixed pigment that synthesizes melanin
68
Fixed macrophage
stationary phagocyte cell that engulfs cells debris and pathogens
69
mast cell
fixed cells that stimulate local inflammation and mobilize tissue defenses
70
Fibroblasts
fixed cells that produce fiber cells
71
Adipocytes (fat cells)
fixed cells that store lipid reserves in large intracellular vesicles
72
Plasma cell
active, mobile immune cell that produces antibodies
73
Free macrophages
wandering phagocytic cells that patrol the tissue, engulf debris or pathogens
74
Mesenchymal cells
mobile stem cells that participate in repair of damaged tissues
75
Neutrophils and eosinophils
small, mobile, phagocytic blood cells that enter tissues during infection or injury
76
Lymphocytes
mobile cells of immune system
77
3 fiber types in Areolar (loose) connective tissue
reticular fibers, collagen fibers, elastic fibers
78
reticular fibers
strong and form branching network
79
collagen fibers
thick, straight or wavy and form bundles. Very strong and resist stretching
80
elastic fibers
slender, unbranching and very stretchy. Recoil their original length after stretching or distortion
81
3 types of Dense connective tissue
dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
82
dense regular
found in tendons and ligaments
83
dense irregular
found around visceral organs, bones cartilages, peripheral nerves, think/supporting layer in the skin
84
Elastic
in between vertebrae, large blood vessel walls, supporting ligaments, erectile tissue of penis
85
2 types of fluid connective tissue
blood and lymph
86
blood
gas movement, defense, clotting
87
lymph
detoxifies body, maintains blood volume, alerts immune system of infections
88
fluid connective tissue
fluid matrix+ suspended proteins
89
connective tissue proper
extracellular protein fibers+ viscous ground substance
90
3 blood connective tissue cell types
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
91
red blood cells
carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, make up half of whole blood volume, gives blood its color
92
white blood cells
defend body from infection
93
white blood cells contain
Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils/Neutrophils/Basophils = Phagocytes
94
platelets
clotting response, membrane-enclose packets of cytoplasm
95
2 types of supporting connective tissue
cartilage and bone
96
cartilage tissue function
protect soft tissue
97
bone tissue function
support body weight
98
what are cartilage cells called
chondrocytes
99
where are the cartilage cells found
lacunae (small chambers)
100
3 cartilage tissue types
hyaline, elastic, and fibrous
101
hyaline location
between ribs and sternum, end of bones at joints, respiratory system, nasal septum
102
hyaline function
reduce friction between bony bits
103
elastic location
external ear and small internal structures
104
elastic function
flexible support
105
fibrous location
knee joints, pubic bones, between vertebral discs
106
fibrous function
resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, relative movement
107
matrix of bone connective tissue
Small volume of ground substance + salts and collagen fibers
108
matrix of support connective tissue
solid matrix with high fiber density
109
2 types of bone tissue
compact and spongy
110
compact bone tissue
outer, weight bearing layer
111
spongy bone tissue
inner layer
112
function of muscle tissue
specialized for contraction, movement
113
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
114
skeletal function
connects muscle to bone
115
skeletal location
muscles, organs, neural tissue
116
skeletal cell description
Cells are long, cylindrical, and have 1+ nuclei.
117
cardiac location and function
in heart and for the heart
118
cardiac cell description
Cells are short, branched, connected by intercalated discs
119
smooth function
moves blood, urine, oxygen, food
120
smooth location
skin, blood vessels, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts/organs
121
smooth cell description
Cells are short, spindle shaped with a single nucleus.
122
skeletal tissue description
striated, voluntary
123
cardiac tissue description
striated, involuntary
124
smooth tissue description
non-striated, involuntary
125
function of neural tissue
Conduction of electrical impulses from one part of the body to another
126
Where is neural tissue concentrated?
98% concentrated in brain and spinal cord (CNS)
127
2 cell types of neural tissue
neurons and neuroglia/glia
128
neurons
transfer info from place to place, process info
129
neuroglia/glia cells
protect, support and repair tissue; maintain nutrient supplies
130
2 parts of neuron
cell body & axons and dendrites
131
How is lymph formed?
Formed from interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid) that drains into the lymphatic vessels and empties in large veins near the heart
132
Occluding (tight) junction
form a barrier that isolates the basolateral surfaces and deeper tissues from the contents of the lumen
133
gap junction
permit chemical communication that coordinates the activies of adjacent cells
134
desmosome
provide firm attachment between neighboring cells by interlocking their cytoskeleton
135
Hemidesmosome
attached the deepest epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Here the basal cytoskeleton is locked to peripheral proteins
136
what are membranes
physical barrier
137
4 membranes that line or cover the body M S C S
mucous membrane, serous membrane, cutaneous membrane, synovial membrane
138
mucous membrane description
line passageways and chambers that communicate externally
139
mucous membrane location
digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary
140
mucous membrane tissue type
epithelium on top of areolar
141
Serous membrane description
subdivide the ventral body cavity
142
Serous membrane location
covers the lungs, covers visceral organs, and covers the heart
143
Serous membrane tissue type
simple squamous on top of areolar
144
Synovial membrane location
lines mobile joint cavities
145
Cutaneous membrane location
covers the surface of body
146
Cutaneous membrane tissue type
stratified squamous on top of areolar on top of dense irregular connective tissue
147
Synovial membrane tissue type
epithelium-like tissue on top of areolar
148
What is fasciae?
Connective tissue layers that support and surround organs
149
3 layers of fasciae in order of outside to in SDS
superficial, deep, subserous
150
superficial
between skin and organs
151
deep
under superficial, stronger
152
subserous
between deep and serous membranes
153
characteristics of the integumentary system
Called skin/ integument, Makes up 16% of total body weight, First line of defense against outside forces
154
8 functions of the skin
1. Protection of underlying tissues/organs
2. Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes
3. Maintenance of body temperature through insulation or sweating
4. Production of melanin (protects from sun damage)
5. Production of keratin (protects against abrasions)
6. Synthesis of Vitamin D
7. Storage of lipids
8. Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature stimuli—relaying information to the nervous system
155
3 major layers of skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
156
epidermis
top layer of epithelial tissue that is exposed to outside
157
dermis
middle layer of connective tissue that is below the epidermis
158
hypodermis
last layer of skin that is below the dermis
159
What is the Epidermis composed of?
stratified squamous epithelium
160
What are keratinocytes?
Keratin cells in the epidermis
161
What do epidermal ridges attach to?
attach to the dermis
162
Why are the epidermal ridges important?
add surface area
163
2 skin types of the epidermis
thin skin & thick skin
164
thin skin
plastic bag, most of the body, 4 strata
165
thick skin
paper towel, palms and feet, 5 strata
166
5 skin layers (C L G S B) cole likes grand super bases
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
167
stratum corneum
15-30 layers of keratinized cells
168
stratum lucidum
divides the stratum corneum from deeper layers
169
stratum granulosum
3-5 layers of keratinocytes
170
stratum spinosum
8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes
171
stratum basale
composed of basal cells, contain melanocytes
172
3 things influence skin color
Presence of pigments, degree of dermal circulation, & thickness and degree of keratinization in epidermis
173
Where are melanocytes?
located in stratum basale
174
where is the dermis
between epidermis and hypodermis
175
what is the dermis composed of
connective tissue
176
2 layers of dermis
papillary and reticular
177
papillary
highly vascularized areolar connective tissue, capillaries, lymphatic vessels and sensory neurons. Closer to the outside of skin
178
reticular layer of dermis
interwoven mesh of dense irregular connective tissue. Has collagen and elastic fibers to give strength and stretch. Capillaries, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles, and sweat glands. Closer to the inside of the body.
179
hypodermis
Separates the skin from deeper structures
180
function of hypodermis
stabilizes while allowing independent movement
181
function of nerves in skin
sensory receptors for pain, pressure, temp
182
2 types of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma & Malignant melanoma
183
Basal cell carcinoma
starts in stratum basale, caused by overexposure to UV radiation. Usually does not spread
184
Malignant melanoma
starts in stratum basale, melanocytes grow and spread quickly
185
line of cleavage
Parallel placement of collagen and elastic fibers
186
importance of line of cleavage
important in healing, Cuts along the lines will heal quicker with less scarring
187
role of basal lamina
Attaches epithelium to the underlining connective tissue
188
difference in epithelia and glands
```
epithelia= non-secretory
glands= secretory cell
```
189
3 accessory structures found in the skin
hair, exocrine glands, and nails
190
function of accessory structures in skin
assist skin in protection, sensation, and secretion
191
what is hair
nonliving structure (keratinized cells) that are above the surface of the skin
192
functions of hair
UV protection, stops entry of foreign stuff, insulation, sensory
193
where is hair produced
in hair follicle, or more specifically the hair bulb
194
What are the physical structures that make up hair?
shaft, root, sebaceous gland, hair bulb, papilla, arrector pili muscle
195
shaft
what we see on the surface
196
root
anchors hair into skin
197
sebaceous gland
produce secretions that coat the hair and the surrounding area of the skin
198
hair bulb
mass of epithelial cells that form a cap, surrounds the papilla.
199
papilla
connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves
200
Arrector pili muscle
smooth muscle, pulls follicle to stand erect
201
2 types of exocrine glands
sebaceous and sweat
202
sebaceous
oil glands and holocrine glands, secrete sebum which coats hair shaft and epidermal tissues, can secrete into hair follicles and onto skin surface
203
2 types of sweat gland
apocrine and merocrine
204
apocrine
found in armpits, groin and nipples, influenced by hormones, includes milk and earwax. Solutions are more complex
205
merocrine
found all over body, influenced by nervous system, important in thermoregulation and excretion, secretions are electrolytes
206
2 major functions of nails
Protect ends of fingers and toes & limit tissue distortion
207
where is the nail produced
in the nail root
208
effects of aging on the skin.
Fewer melanocytes, drier epidermis, thinning epidermis, diminished immune response, thinning dermis, decreased perspiration, reduced blood supply, slower skin repair, fewer active follicles, altered hair and fat distribution
209
How is Vit D converted to calcitriol?
Skin uses sunlight to produce Vit D3 then its converted in the kidneys to calcitriol
210
What does calcitriol do
Helps absorb Ca+ and P from the digestive tract
211
What happens if Vit D is low?
Results in flexible, poorly mineralized bones, rickets
212
4 stages of skin repair (I M P S)
Inflammatory phase, Migratory phase, Proliferation phase, Scarring phase
213
Inflammatory phase
mast cells are triggered to inflammatory response & bleeding occurs
214
Migratory phase
blood clots, macrophages patrol damaged dermis, replace the missing epidermal cells occur, granulation tissue occurs which is blood clots and fibroblast
215
Proliferation phase
deeper portions of clot dissolve and number of capillaries decline, will not be at its normal condition because of the large number of collagen fibers and few blood vessels
216
Scarring phase
all the damaged stuff is replaced with fibrous tissue which is the scar tissue and will not be at its normal condition
