Exam #2 Flashcards
What are tissues formed from?
group of cells
study of tissues
histology
4 tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural
epithelial tissue
covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, produces glandular secretions
Connective tissue
fills internal spaces, proves structural support, stores energy
Muscle tissue
contracts to produce active movement
Neural tissue
conducts electrical impulses and carries information
2 basic categories of epithelial tissue
Epithelia and glands
Epithelia
covers exposed surfaces and line internal cavities and passageway
glands
derived from epithelia
4 functions of epithelial tissue
Physical protection, control permeability, sensation, secretion
How is epithelial tissue classified?
by shape and arrangement
squamous
flat and thin
cuboidal
cube like
columnar
tall and thin
3 shapes of epithelial
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
2 arrangements
simple and stratified
simple
one layer
stratified
multi layer
Are epithelial avascular or vascular
avascular- lacking blood vessels
what does it mean for the epithelial tissue if its avascular?
Blood vessels in underlying tissues nourish the entire epithelium
Simple squamous definition
thin layer of single cells, most delicate epithelium type
Simple squamous function
absorption and diffusion
Simple squamous location
kidneys, inside eye, and gas exchange surfaces of lungs
Stratified squamous definition
multiple layer of cells
Stratified squamous function
protection against mechanical or chemical stresses
Stratified squamous location
surface of skin, inside mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina
epithelial fact about keratin
On skin surface, epithelial cells have keratin, which is protein that adds strength and protections against dehydration
Simple cuboidal function
secretion and absorption
Simple cuboidal location
line exocrine glands and ducts, kidneys, thyroid gland
Stratified cuboidal definition
rare,**
Why is Transitional epithelial tissue a separate classification?
Tolerates repeated stretching without damage
Stratified cuboidal location
in ducts, sweat glands, mammary glands, exocrine glands
Where is transitional tissue found?
urinary bladder, ureters, chambers in kidneys
Simple columnar function
absorption and movement
Simple columnar location
stomach lining, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, kidney ducts
2 types of stratified columnar
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar and Stratified columnar
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar definition
not truly stratified because all cells are in contact with the basal lamina
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar location
nasal cavities, trachea, larger lung airways
Stratified columnar definition and location
relatively rare but in salivary glands and pancreas
2 types of glandular epithelia
Endocrine and exocrine
Endocrine
secret products directly into the blood
Exocrine
secret products onto a surface
3 methods of secretion
Merocine, Apocrine, Holocrine
merocine
product released from vesicles by exocytosis, most common
apocrine
multiple vesicles with product shed with cytoplasm
holocrine
product concentration build up inside a cell until the cell bursts, releasing the product
3 structural types of glands
simple, compound, mucous cell
simple
single duct that does not divide
compound
duct divides 1+ times
mucous cell
independent, scattered gland cells
6 main functions of connective tissue
Structural framework for the body, moving fluids and dissolved materials, protecting organs, supporting/surrounding/connecting other tissues, storing energy reserves, defense against microorganisms
Are connective avascular or vascular
highly vascular-lots of blood vessels
3 basic components of connective tissue
Specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, ground substance
3 general types of connective tissues
fluid connective tissue, connective tissue proper, supportive connective tissue
connective tissue proper
many types of cells and extracellular fibers in syrupy substance
fluid connective tissue
cells suspended in watery matrix that have dissolved proteins
Supportive connective tissues
less diverse cell population. Protect soft tissues and support weight of a body part or the body
2 types of connective tissue proper
loose and dense
loose
fibers create open framework
dense
fibers are packed
3 types of Loose connective tissue
areolar, adipose, reticular
areolar
most common type of connective tissue in body, packing material in body
adipose
found deep under skin, insulation, energy reserve
reticular (loose connective tissue)
liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes bone marrow, provides support and resists shape change
11 cell types in Areolar (loose) connective tissue
Melancoyte, fixed macrophage, mast cell, fibroblasts, adipocytes, plasma cell, free macrophages, mesenchymal cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils, and lymphocytes
Melancoyte
fixed pigment that synthesizes melanin
Fixed macrophage
stationary phagocyte cell that engulfs cells debris and pathogens
mast cell
fixed cells that stimulate local inflammation and mobilize tissue defenses
Fibroblasts
fixed cells that produce fiber cells
Adipocytes (fat cells)
fixed cells that store lipid reserves in large intracellular vesicles
Plasma cell
active, mobile immune cell that produces antibodies
Free macrophages
wandering phagocytic cells that patrol the tissue, engulf debris or pathogens
Mesenchymal cells
mobile stem cells that participate in repair of damaged tissues
Neutrophils and eosinophils
small, mobile, phagocytic blood cells that enter tissues during infection or injury
Lymphocytes
mobile cells of immune system
3 fiber types in Areolar (loose) connective tissue
reticular fibers, collagen fibers, elastic fibers
reticular fibers
strong and form branching network
collagen fibers
thick, straight or wavy and form bundles. Very strong and resist stretching
elastic fibers
slender, unbranching and very stretchy. Recoil their original length after stretching or distortion
3 types of Dense connective tissue
dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
dense regular
found in tendons and ligaments
dense irregular
found around visceral organs, bones cartilages, peripheral nerves, think/supporting layer in the skin
Elastic
in between vertebrae, large blood vessel walls, supporting ligaments, erectile tissue of penis
2 types of fluid connective tissue
blood and lymph
blood
gas movement, defense, clotting
lymph
detoxifies body, maintains blood volume, alerts immune system of infections
fluid connective tissue
fluid matrix+ suspended proteins
connective tissue proper
extracellular protein fibers+ viscous ground substance
3 blood connective tissue cell types
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
red blood cells
carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, make up half of whole blood volume, gives blood its color
white blood cells
defend body from infection
white blood cells contain
Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils/Neutrophils/Basophils = Phagocytes
platelets
clotting response, membrane-enclose packets of cytoplasm
2 types of supporting connective tissue
cartilage and bone
cartilage tissue function
protect soft tissue
bone tissue function
support body weight
what are cartilage cells called
chondrocytes
where are the cartilage cells found
lacunae (small chambers)
3 cartilage tissue types
hyaline, elastic, and fibrous
hyaline location
between ribs and sternum, end of bones at joints, respiratory system, nasal septum
hyaline function
reduce friction between bony bits
elastic location
external ear and small internal structures
elastic function
flexible support
fibrous location
knee joints, pubic bones, between vertebral discs
fibrous function
resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, relative movement
matrix of bone connective tissue
Small volume of ground substance + salts and collagen fibers
matrix of support connective tissue
solid matrix with high fiber density
2 types of bone tissue
compact and spongy
compact bone tissue
outer, weight bearing layer
spongy bone tissue
inner layer
function of muscle tissue
specialized for contraction, movement
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
skeletal function
connects muscle to bone
skeletal location
muscles, organs, neural tissue
skeletal cell description
Cells are long, cylindrical, and have 1+ nuclei.
cardiac location and function
in heart and for the heart
cardiac cell description
Cells are short, branched, connected by intercalated discs
smooth function
moves blood, urine, oxygen, food
smooth location
skin, blood vessels, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts/organs
smooth cell description
Cells are short, spindle shaped with a single nucleus.
skeletal tissue description
striated, voluntary
cardiac tissue description
striated, involuntary
smooth tissue description
non-striated, involuntary
function of neural tissue
Conduction of electrical impulses from one part of the body to another
Where is neural tissue concentrated?
98% concentrated in brain and spinal cord (CNS)
2 cell types of neural tissue
neurons and neuroglia/glia
neurons
transfer info from place to place, process info
neuroglia/glia cells
protect, support and repair tissue; maintain nutrient supplies
2 parts of neuron
cell body & axons and dendrites
How is lymph formed?
Formed from interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid) that drains into the lymphatic vessels and empties in large veins near the heart
Occluding (tight) junction
form a barrier that isolates the basolateral surfaces and deeper tissues from the contents of the lumen
gap junction
permit chemical communication that coordinates the activies of adjacent cells
desmosome
provide firm attachment between neighboring cells by interlocking their cytoskeleton
Hemidesmosome
attached the deepest epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Here the basal cytoskeleton is locked to peripheral proteins
what are membranes
physical barrier
4 membranes that line or cover the body M S C S
mucous membrane, serous membrane, cutaneous membrane, synovial membrane
mucous membrane description
line passageways and chambers that communicate externally
mucous membrane location
digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary
mucous membrane tissue type
epithelium on top of areolar
Serous membrane description
subdivide the ventral body cavity
Serous membrane location
covers the lungs, covers visceral organs, and covers the heart
Serous membrane tissue type
simple squamous on top of areolar
Synovial membrane location
lines mobile joint cavities
Cutaneous membrane location
covers the surface of body
Cutaneous membrane tissue type
stratified squamous on top of areolar on top of dense irregular connective tissue
Synovial membrane tissue type
epithelium-like tissue on top of areolar
What is fasciae?
Connective tissue layers that support and surround organs
3 layers of fasciae in order of outside to in SDS
superficial, deep, subserous
superficial
between skin and organs
deep
under superficial, stronger
subserous
between deep and serous membranes
characteristics of the integumentary system
Called skin/ integument, Makes up 16% of total body weight, First line of defense against outside forces
8 functions of the skin
- Protection of underlying tissues/organs
- Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes
- Maintenance of body temperature through insulation or sweating
- Production of melanin (protects from sun damage)
- Production of keratin (protects against abrasions)
- Synthesis of Vitamin D
- Storage of lipids
- Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature stimuli—relaying information to the nervous system
3 major layers of skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
epidermis
top layer of epithelial tissue that is exposed to outside
dermis
middle layer of connective tissue that is below the epidermis
hypodermis
last layer of skin that is below the dermis
What is the Epidermis composed of?
stratified squamous epithelium
What are keratinocytes?
Keratin cells in the epidermis
What do epidermal ridges attach to?
attach to the dermis
Why are the epidermal ridges important?
add surface area
2 skin types of the epidermis
thin skin & thick skin
thin skin
plastic bag, most of the body, 4 strata
thick skin
paper towel, palms and feet, 5 strata
5 skin layers (C L G S B) cole likes grand super bases
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
stratum corneum
15-30 layers of keratinized cells
stratum lucidum
divides the stratum corneum from deeper layers
stratum granulosum
3-5 layers of keratinocytes
stratum spinosum
8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes
stratum basale
composed of basal cells, contain melanocytes
3 things influence skin color
Presence of pigments, degree of dermal circulation, & thickness and degree of keratinization in epidermis
Where are melanocytes?
located in stratum basale
where is the dermis
between epidermis and hypodermis
what is the dermis composed of
connective tissue
2 layers of dermis
papillary and reticular
papillary
highly vascularized areolar connective tissue, capillaries, lymphatic vessels and sensory neurons. Closer to the outside of skin
reticular layer of dermis
interwoven mesh of dense irregular connective tissue. Has collagen and elastic fibers to give strength and stretch. Capillaries, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles, and sweat glands. Closer to the inside of the body.
hypodermis
Separates the skin from deeper structures
function of hypodermis
stabilizes while allowing independent movement
function of nerves in skin
sensory receptors for pain, pressure, temp
2 types of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma & Malignant melanoma
Basal cell carcinoma
starts in stratum basale, caused by overexposure to UV radiation. Usually does not spread
Malignant melanoma
starts in stratum basale, melanocytes grow and spread quickly
line of cleavage
Parallel placement of collagen and elastic fibers
importance of line of cleavage
important in healing, Cuts along the lines will heal quicker with less scarring
role of basal lamina
Attaches epithelium to the underlining connective tissue
difference in epithelia and glands
epithelia= non-secretory glands= secretory cell
3 accessory structures found in the skin
hair, exocrine glands, and nails
function of accessory structures in skin
assist skin in protection, sensation, and secretion
what is hair
nonliving structure (keratinized cells) that are above the surface of the skin
functions of hair
UV protection, stops entry of foreign stuff, insulation, sensory
where is hair produced
in hair follicle, or more specifically the hair bulb
What are the physical structures that make up hair?
shaft, root, sebaceous gland, hair bulb, papilla, arrector pili muscle
shaft
what we see on the surface
root
anchors hair into skin
sebaceous gland
produce secretions that coat the hair and the surrounding area of the skin
hair bulb
mass of epithelial cells that form a cap, surrounds the papilla.
papilla
connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves
Arrector pili muscle
smooth muscle, pulls follicle to stand erect
2 types of exocrine glands
sebaceous and sweat
sebaceous
oil glands and holocrine glands, secrete sebum which coats hair shaft and epidermal tissues, can secrete into hair follicles and onto skin surface
2 types of sweat gland
apocrine and merocrine
apocrine
found in armpits, groin and nipples, influenced by hormones, includes milk and earwax. Solutions are more complex
merocrine
found all over body, influenced by nervous system, important in thermoregulation and excretion, secretions are electrolytes
2 major functions of nails
Protect ends of fingers and toes & limit tissue distortion
where is the nail produced
in the nail root
effects of aging on the skin.
Fewer melanocytes, drier epidermis, thinning epidermis, diminished immune response, thinning dermis, decreased perspiration, reduced blood supply, slower skin repair, fewer active follicles, altered hair and fat distribution
How is Vit D converted to calcitriol?
Skin uses sunlight to produce Vit D3 then its converted in the kidneys to calcitriol
What does calcitriol do
Helps absorb Ca+ and P from the digestive tract
What happens if Vit D is low?
Results in flexible, poorly mineralized bones, rickets
4 stages of skin repair (I M P S)
Inflammatory phase, Migratory phase, Proliferation phase, Scarring phase
Inflammatory phase
mast cells are triggered to inflammatory response & bleeding occurs
Migratory phase
blood clots, macrophages patrol damaged dermis, replace the missing epidermal cells occur, granulation tissue occurs which is blood clots and fibroblast
Proliferation phase
deeper portions of clot dissolve and number of capillaries decline, will not be at its normal condition because of the large number of collagen fibers and few blood vessels
Scarring phase
all the damaged stuff is replaced with fibrous tissue which is the scar tissue and will not be at its normal condition
