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Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

biology

A

study of living things

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2
Q

functions required of all living organisms

A

Responsiveness, reproduction, respiration, absorption, adaptability, locomotion, excretion, growth

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3
Q

anatomy

A

study of form

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4
Q

physiology

A

study of function

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5
Q

Levels of organization

A

Chemical/molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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6
Q

Cells

A

smallest living units of life

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7
Q

Tissues

A

2 or more cells types

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8
Q

Organs

A

2 or more tissues

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9
Q

What are the 11 organ systems of the human body and what are their basic functions?

A 
Respiratory
Reproductive
Muscular
Endocrine
Nervous
Skeletal
Cardiovascular
Urinary
Digestive
Lymphatic
Integumentary
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10
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a stable environment

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11
Q

Neg feedback

A

receptors to oppose original stimulus

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12
Q

Pos feedback

A

receptors to enhance original stimulus

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13
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2 or more atoms combined

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14
Q

Cation

A

an atom with positive charge. It has lost electrons. Ex. Sodium (Na)

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15
Q

Anion

A

an atom with a negative charge. It has gained electrons. Ex. Chlorine (Cl)

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16
Q

What is an element?

A

Pure substance consisting of the same atoms

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17
Q

which element is the most common

A

oxygen 65%

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18
Q

What are the top six elements that compose the human body?

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus

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19
Q

Ionic

A

electrons are exchanged/transferred

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20
Q

Covalent

A

electrons are shared

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21
Q

What are chemical reactions?

A

Chemical reactions provide energy to maintain homeostasis and perform essential functions.

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22
Q

Decomposition

A

molecule breaks into smaller pieces.

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23
Q

Synthesis

A

molecules formed into larger molecules

24
Q

Exchange

A

molecules rearranged to form new products

25
What are enzymes and why are they important?
proteins that lower the activation energy required for chemical reactions
26
Organic molecule
contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as primary structures
27
Inorganic molecule
does not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as primary structures
28
What functions does water perform?
Water is used for lubrication, reactivity, high heat capacity, and solubility.
29
Hydrophobic
water fearing
30
Hydrophilic
water loving
31
Electrolytes
soluble inorganic molecules whose ions conduct electrical current in solution
32
What is pH?
pH is the measure of H+ concentration. pH is the safe range for cellular functions to occur.
33
Which end is acidic?
0-6 is acidic | Acids are proton donors
34
Which end is basic?
8-14 is basic | bases are protons acceptors
35
What is a buffer?
Buffers stabilize pH by removing or adding H+. Buffers are important for maintain homeostasis.
36
Carbohydrates
 3 types
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
37
Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose galactose
38
Disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
39
Polysaccharides
glycogen
40
Lipids 5 types
``` Fatty acid Glycerides Eicosanoids Steroids Phospholipids ```
41
Proteins
Amino acids, Peptide, Polypeptide
42
What is ATP?
ATP is the most common high-energy compound and provides energy for vital functions.
43
What are the 3 tenets of the Cell Theory?
1. Cells are building blocks of all plants and animals 2. Cells are smallest units that perform vital physiological functions 3. All new cells come from the division of pre-existing cells
44
Plasma/cell membrane
separates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid
45
Cytoplasm
inside cell that include organelles and cytosol
46
Cytosol
fluid inside the cell that surrounds the organelles
47
Organelles
intracellular structures with specific functions
48
Non-membranous
not completely enclosed by membranes
49
Membranous
completely enclosed by membranes
50
What are the 4 main components of the plasma membrane?
1. Integral transmembrane proteins 2. Peripheral proteins 3. Gycocalyx 4. Phospholipid bilayer
51
What are the 5 functional classes of proteins that are found in the plasma membrane?
Anchoring proteins, recognition proteins, receptor proteins, carrier proteins, and channels
52
What is the cytoskeleton?
This is the cell’s skeleton which is an internal protein framework that gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility
53
What are the six major parts of the cytoskeleton?
Microvilli, Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, centrioles, cilia,
54
What are the 2 types of ribosomes?
Small unit and large unit
55
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Receives proteins from the rough ER and renews or modifies plasma membrane and packages secretions

Anatomy (8 decks)

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