EXAM #4 Flashcards
1
Q
2 major parts of nervous system
A
CNS and PNS
2
Q
CNS
A
brain and spinal cord
3
Q
PNS
A
nerves coming off spinal cord
4
Q
3 parts of neuron
A
cell body, dendrite, and axon
5
Q
perikaryon
A
cytoplasmic inside of cell body
6
Q
neurofilaments
A
cytoskeleton that gives cell its shape
7
Q
nissl bodies
A
clusters of free ribosomes an RER to keep cell healthy
8
Q
dendritic spines
A
parts coming off the dendrites
9
Q
axons hillock
A
where the axon attaches to the cell body
10
Q
axolemma
A
plasma membrane around axon
11
Q
axoplasm
A
inside of axon
12
Q
telodendria
A
end of axon
13
Q
synapse
A
site where the neuron can communicate with other cells
14
Q
presynaptic cell
A
always a neuron
15
Q
postsynaptic cell
A
neuron, muscle, or gland
16
Q
Why can’t CNS neurons repair themselves?
A
because the lack centrioles
17
Q
anaxonic neuron
A
cannot tell difference between dendrites and axons
18
Q
bipolar neuron
A
one axon and one dendrite
19
Q
unipolar neuron
A
one place where axon and dendrite come off cell body
20
Q
multipolar neuron
A
most common
21
Q
sensory neurons
A
bring senses from outside and inside
22
Q
motor neurons
A
take info from spinal cord and brain and send it out
23
Q
interneurons
A
act as bridges between neurons
24
Q
neuroglia
A
found in PNS and CNS, support and protect neurons
25
neuroglia of CNS
ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes
26
ependymal cells
make cerebrospinal fluid
27
microglia
garbage tucks, clean waste and debris
28
astrocytes
maintain blood barrier and form scar tissue after injury
29
oligodendrocytes
framework of neuroglia, produce myelin
30
myelinated axons
in PNS that bring info from far away to spinal cord, white matter
31
unmyelinated axons
in brain, because neurons are close together, gray matter
32
neuroglia of PNS
schwann cells and satellite cells
33
schwann cells
can produce myelin for PNS, repair damaged PNS cells
34
satellite cells
surround neuron cell body to help regulate environment
35
wallerian degeneration
PNS system damage, schwann cells repair this
36
transmembrane potential
different charges on either side of the axon
37
leak channels
passive, always open
38
chemically-gated channels
open and close to specific chemicals, using receptor proteins
39
voltage-gated channels
open and close to voltage changes so an electrical impulse
40
mechanically-gated channels
open and close to changes in plasma membrane
41
transmembrane potential is measured in
volts because its electrical
42
resting potential
outside=high Na+ and high Cl-
inside= high K+ and giant proteins
outside is positive
inside is negative
43
Na+/K+ pump
helps maintain transmembrane potential, use ATP to kick Na+ out and bring K+ in, 3 Na+ we kick out, we bring 2 K+ back in.
44
graded potential
local changes, dependent on chemically-gated channels so we use receptor proteins
45
action potential
once there is enough graded potentials, the action potential moves down the axon, depend on voltage
46
depolarization
changes in resting potential
47
repolarization
adjusting back to resting potential
48
propagation
movement of action potential down the axon
49
2 types of propagation
continuous and saltatory
50
continuous propagation
unmyelinated axons, slow and smaller steps
51
saltatory propagation
action jumps so its faster, myelinated axons
52
chemical synapse
use neurotransmitters, most common
53
electrical synapse
relying on electrical changes
54
2 types of postsynaptic potentials
excitatory and inhibitory
55
excitatory
move down the postsynaptic cell axon
56
inhibitory
it will stop at that cell body
57
acetylcholine
CNS and PNS, excitatory
58
norepinephrine
CNS and PNS, excitatory
59
epinephrine
CNS, excitatory
60
seratonin
CNS, excitatory
61
glutamate
CNS, most important excitatory
62
GABA
CNS, inhibitory
63
how many pairs of spinal nerves?
31 pairs
64
gray matter
inner layer, unmyelinated, processing occurs, concentration of cell bodies, has dendrites
65
white matter
outer layer, myelinated,
66
spinal cord ends between
L1 and L2
67
cervical enlargement
spinal cord is wider, for upper limbs, extra gray matter because extra info comes in
68
lumbar enlargement
spinal cord is wider, for lower limbs, extra gray matter because extra info comes in
69
conus medullaris
end of spinal cord
70
cauda equina
dorsal/ventral roots of nerves
71
filum terminale
from conus modulars to coccyx
72
dorsal root
gets sensory info from dorsal root ganglion, posterior
73
ventral root
axons of motor neurons that take info away from CNS to PNS, anterior
74
spinal nerve
where dorsal and ventral root meet
75
spinal meninges
layers that surround spinal cord
76
dura mater
outside, most durable
77
arachnoid mater
middle layer
78
pia mater
physically attaches to spinal cord, inner layer
79
denticulate ligaments
teeth, extend from pia mater to dura mater, help anchor spinal cord in vertebral canal
80
posterior gray horn
somatic and visceral sensory nuclei
81
lateral gray horn
visceral motor nuclei
82
anterior gray horn
somatic motor nuclei
83
gray commissure
white matter crossing from one side to the other
84
sensory nuclei
posterior horn
85
motor nuclei
anterior and lateral horn
86
posterior white column
bringing info up from limbs, ascending
87
lateral white column
sending info down from brain and spinal cords, descending
88
anterior white column
ascending and descending tracts
89
epineurium
outer most layer of spinal nerves
90
perineurium
middle layer, divides into facsicles
91
endoneurium
innermost layer of spinal nerves, goes around myelination
92
dermatome
each pair of spinal nerves is responsible for monitoring a certain section of skin
93
ramus
single nerve branching past dorsal and ventral root
94
dorsal ramus
innervates the muscles, joints and skin of back
95
ventral ramus
innervates lateral and anterior trunk and limbs
96
communicating rami
thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves, flight or fight
97
nerve plexus defintion
interwoven nerve network
98
cervical plexus
C1-C5, neck muscles and diaphragm
99
Brachial plexus
C4-T1, pectoral girdle and upper limb
100
Lumbar plexus
T12-L4, pelvic girdle and lower limb
101
Sacral plexus
L4-S4, pelvic girdle and lower limb
102
cervical plexus nerves
greater auricular nerve, ansa cervicalis, phrenic nerve
103
brachial plexus nerves
radial nerves, ulnar nerve, median nerve
104
lumbar plexus nerves
Iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, femoral nerve, obturator nerve, saphenous nerve
105
sacral plexus nerves
Superior gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, pudendal nerves, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, sciatic nerve (very large), tibial nerve, common fibular nerve
106
reflex
programmed response to specific stimuli
107
10 million
sensory neurons
108
500,000
motor neurons
109
20 billion
interneurons
110
neural circuit
sensory, motor and interneurons put together
111
innate/acquired
born with vs. learned
112
somatic/visceral
skeletal muscle vs. organs
113
polysynaptic/monosynaptic
many synapses vs. one synapse
114
spinal/cranial
processing in spinal cord vs. brain
115
bicep reflex
Tap tendon of biceps brachii muscle is stimuli and then flexion at elbow is response.
116
tricep reflex
Tap tendon of triceps brachii muscle is stimuli ad then extension at elbow is response.
117
Abdominal reflex
Light stroking of skin of abdomen is stimuli and then response is to contract of abdominal of muscles, up and down.
118
babkinski reflex
in babies, touch foot and toes would open
119
plantar reflex
Longitudinal stroking of sole of foot is the stimuli and then flexion at toe joints is the response.
