EXAM #3 Flashcards
1
Q
skeletal system
A
composed of bones and all other stuff that connects the bones (cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissue)
2
Q
2 major sections of the skeleton
A
axial and appendicular
3
Q
Axial
A
center of the body, skull, thorax (sternum and rib cage), vertebral column
4
Q
axial bone #
A
80 bones
5
Q
appendicular
A
outside part (leg and arms) and anything that attaches the limbs to the axial. pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle
6
Q
appendicular bone #
A
126 bones
7
Q
function of the skeleton
A
support, mineral storage, blood cell production, protection, leverage
8
Q
bones classified
A
shape and structure and display surface features
9
Q
How many broad categories are there?
A
6
10
Q
what are the categories? flisss
A
flat, sutural, long, irregular, sesamoid, and short
11
Q
flat bones description
A
protection of underlying tissue.
12
Q
flat bones examples
A
Skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae
13
Q
Sutural bone description
A
hold bones together, between flat bones
14
Q
sutural bone examples
A
in the skull
15
Q
long bone description
A
long and slender
16
Q
long bone description
A
arms, fingers, legs, toes
17
Q
irregular bone description
A
complex shapes
18
Q
irregular bone examples
A
vertebrae, pelvis, skull (face bones)
19
Q
sesamoid bone description
A
small/ flat, this is where people can have more or less than 206 bones
20
Q
sesamoid bone examples
A
form in tendons, knees, hands, feet
21
Q
short bone description
A
small/ boxy
22
Q
short bone examples
A
wrist and ankles, these bones help attach hands and feet to our appendages
23
Q
bone surfaces/bone markings
A
Characteristic external and internal features related to its functions
24
Q
canal/meatus
A
pathway through bone, ex- one behind eye to send info to the brain from eye
25
process
bump/projection
26
sinus
air chambers
27
foramen
hole to allow blood vessels and nerves to go through
28
fissure
elongated cleft or gap, not necessarily have something that goes through
29
head
in all long bones, where the joint forms
30
tubercle
small, rounded projection
31
sulcus
deep, narrow grove
32
tuberosity
small, rough projection
33
diaphysis
shaft, long part of long bone
34
trochlea
end of long bones, help joints move smoothly, smooth, grooved articular process
35
condyle
end of long bones, help joints move smoothly, smooth, rounded articular process
36
crest
prominent ridge, when u feel your hip bone= you feel your crest
37
fossa
shallow indentation/depression pelvic fossa=holds reproduction organs, form a bowl
38
line
low ridge process
39
spine
pointed or narrow process
40
ramus
really only see it in the pelvis, extension of bone that makes an angle
41
trochanter
large rough projection, bigger than tubercle and tuberosity
42
neck
between head and diaphysis
43
facet
small flat surface
44
smallest to largest for the 3 T projections
tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter
45
elevations and projections
process and ramus
46
process formed where tendons and ligaments attach
trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine, head
47
processes formed for articulate with adjacent bones
head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet
48
depressions
fossa and sulcus
49
openings
foramen, canal/meatus, fissure, sinus
50
epiphysis
end of bone
51
how many epiphysis are there?
2
52
what is the epiphysis made of?
spongy bone
53
metaphysis
connects epiphysis to diaphysis
54
how many metaphysis are there
2
55
what is the metaphysis made of?
spongy bone
56
diaphysis
shaft
57
how many diaphysis are there?
1
58
what is the diaphysis made of?
compact bone
59
medullary cavity
hollow portion in the shaft
60
blood production location
in diaphysis of our long bones, there is bone marrow in the medulla cavity
61
metaphyscal artery/vein
carry blood to metaphysis and epiphysis
62
nutrient artery/vein
carry blood to entire bone
63
nutrient foramen
hole that allows nutrient artery/vein access
64
articular cartilage type
hyaline cartilage
65
articular cartilage function
helps joints not rub together, smoothes them
66
is articular cartilage avascular or vascular?
avascular
67
What is the articular cartilage on the outside of bones?
Articular cartilage
68
What is the outer covering of bone
periosteum
69
periosteum definition
layer around bone
70
what does spongy bone do?
helps absorb and move the force on bones
71
periosteum contains ____
extensive blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and sensory nerves
72
when you break a bone it hurts because
you broke the periosteum (all the nerves and stuff)
73
4 bone cell types
Osteoprogenitors, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
74
Osteoprogenitors
step 1, Stem cells/beginning cells. These turn into osteoblasts
75
Osteoblasts
bone builders, these turn to osteocytes
76
Osteocytes
mature bone cell, most of our bones are made of this, hard ones
77
Osteoclasts
help break bones down, --break the nutrients/minerals down and put into blood stream
78
osteon type of unit
functional units of compact bone
79
trabeculae type of unit
functional units of spongy bone
80
2 parts of functional unit of compact bone
central canal and concentric lamellae
81
central canal
arteries and veins went up to the bone to bring oxygen
82
concentric lamellae
structures
83
As we get further out of the concentric lamellae, the ring structures are __
younger
84
As we get closer in on the concentric lamellae, the ring structures are ___
older
85
trabeculae direction
multiple direction force
86
what is bone growth called?
appositional growth
87
how do they grow?
grow in diameter
88
osteon direction
single direction stress
89
trabeculae definition
open framework
90
3 steps to bone growth from powerpoint
Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts
Add bone matrix to bone surface
Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
91
3 steps to bone growth in my words
Concentric lamellae being laid down in layers and layers, osteoblasts getting caught and becoming osteocytes.
92
2 ways bone is formed
Endochondral and Intramembranous
93
Endochondral definition
replacing hyaline cartilage by bone
94
Intramembranous definition
replacement of fibrous connective tissue by bone
95
Endochondral location
most of bones are made like this
96
Intramembranous location
bones that have to be really strong-skull mandible, and clavicle
97
Endochondral description
heavier but not stronger
98
Intramembranous description
Stronger but lighter because of all the chambers within it
99
What element is bone primarily composed of?
calcium
100
percentage of calcium comes from bone
99%
101
percentage of phosphorus comes from bone
99%
102
What elements come from bone?
calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, carbonate, and phosphate
103
How do we use and regulate calcium in the body
hormonally regulated
104
two hormones for calcium regulation
parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
105
what hormone is used when low calcium in the body
parathyroid hormone
106
what hormone is used when high calcium in the body
calcitonin
107
what 3 organs are involved in regulation of calcium?
intestine, bone, and kidney
108
what happens when low calcium
Intestine to increase rate of absorption
Osteoclasts to start breaking bone down to release calcium into the blood stream
Kidneys to hold on to calcium and not excrete extra calcium
109
what happens when high calcium
Calcitonin decreases intestinal absorption
Increases bone growth
Increases kidney excretion
110
how do bones repair themselves
bleeding, get scab/bruise, spongy bone moves in, layers of osteoblasts are laid down, and then at the end is an external callus
111
2 categories of fractures
closed/simple and open/compound
112
closed/simple fracture
completely internal, does not break the skin
113
open/compound
breaks through the skin
114
10 fracture types
transverse, spiral, displaced, compression, greenstick, comminuted, epiphyseal, pott, and collies
115
transverse
most common, fracture of shaft/diaphysis of the long bone
116
spiral
bone is twisted, common in kids, especially child abuse
117
displaced
bone breaks and heals but does not heal well. Bone is offset
118
compression
two bones come together, compressing the bone, in vertebrae
119
greenstick
a lot in children also, breaks part way through. Does not go all the way through, just bends
120
comminuted
when bone shatters, worst because hard to fix since pieces all over
121
epiphyseal fracture
in epiphysis
122
pott
in ankle bone
123
collies
in wrist
124
what does the axial form
center of the body, longitudinal body
125
functions of axial skeleton
Framework and support for brain, spinal cord, and ventral body cavity organs
Muscle attachment
126
does the axial move a lot?
no it has minimal moment because it protects such important organs, its very strong and reinforced by ligaments
127
how many bones in the axial
80
128
parts included in axial skeleton
skull (for brain), thoracic cage (for lungs), vertebral column (for spinal cord), and supplemental cartilages
129
primary function of skull
Protect and support opening to the digest and respiratory tract
Provides muscle attachment for facial expressions and eating
130
sutures
connect all skull bones
131
what skull bone is not connected by suture
mandible, for moving jaw, an articulation
132
frontal bone
makes up forehead
133
parietal bone
behind the frontal bone
134
spheniod bone
makes the back of the eye orbit, shaped like a butterfly
135
nasal bone
nose
136
ethmoid bone
top half of your nasal septum
137
maxilla bone
top jaw bones
138
zygomatic bone
cheek bone
139
3 bones that make up eye orbit
Frontal (top), zygotmatic (sides), and maxilla (under)
140
temporal bone
sides of skull
141
mandible
lower jaw, articulation
142
vomer
bottom half of nasal septum
143
nasal concha
superior/inferior, stick out like fans, take the air and warm it up before it goes to the lungs
144
occipital bone
back of the skull
145
sagittal suture
between parietal bones
146
coronal suture
between parietal and frontal
147
lambdoid suture
between parietal and occipital
148
squamous suture
between temporal and parietal
149
external acoustic meatus
ear hole/passageway
150
styloid process
area for ligament attachment to hold the head on to our vertebra
151
Alveolar processes
part of maxilla and mandible that hold our teeth
152
Foramen magnum
hole that allows brain and spinal cord to meet up
153
Occipital condyle
allows skull to sit on vertebral column, first cervical vertebra and skull meet here
154
foramen ovale
in the sphenoid bone, highest holes up when looking from the skull underneath
155
foramen lacerum
go down from ovale, in the temporal bone
156
Jugular foramen
slide back more, jugular vein goes through this
157
Carotid canal
carotid arteries go through here
158
main way blood goes to and from the brain
Jugular vein and carotid artery
159
Palatine bone
back of the roof of mouth
160
coronoid process
on mandible, looks like a shark tooth
161
Mandibular notch
on mandible, behind the coronoid process
162
Condylar process
behind mandibular notch, at dentist they feel it. the mandible attaches to your skull by this process
163
Hyoid bone
sits at base of throat, moves neck muscles, associated bone to skull, not attached to any bones, just floats there by tendons and ligaments
164
auditory ossicles
3 of them, in middle ear, move sound vibrations from outer ear to inner ear
165
soft spot on infant skulls
Fontanelles
166
Fontanelles are formed by
cartilage
167
primary functions of the vertebral column
Supporting head, neck, and trunk
Protects spinal cord
Transfers body weight to appendicular skeleton (legs)
Helps maintain upright body position
168
How many bones make up the vertebral column
26 bones
169
5 main divisions of the vertebral column
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
170
how many bones in cervical
7
171
how many bones in thoracic
12
172
how many bones in lumbar
5
173
Spinal curves
accommodate organs and help balance
174
2 types of spinal curves
primary curves and secondary cures
175
primary curves defintion
develop before birth, inward to hold organs
176
secondary curves definition
develop after birth, outward, for balance
177
2 primary curves
thoracic and sacral
178
thoracic curve
makes room for main organs
179
sacral curve
curve for reproductive organs
180
2 secondary curves
cervical and lumbar
181
cervical curve
balance for head on the neck
182
lumber curve
balance for trunk over lower limbs, assist with standing
183
3 parts each vertebra have
articular processes, vertebral arch, and vertebral body
184
Articular processes
allows them to connect with other vertebra, has hyaline cartilage on them, have 4 of them= inferior/superior
185
Vertebral arch
back and sides of vertebral foramen
186
4 parts to vertebral arch
spinuous process, laminae, transverse process, pedicles
187
spinuous process
part you feel on your back that sticks out
188
laminae
on both sides
189
transverse process
on both sides
190
pedicles
make sides of vertebral arch, weight transfer
191
ventral body
large thick portion of vertebra
192
what are intervertebral discs made of
Fibrous cartilage
193
intervertebral discs location
between vertebral bodies, helps reduce compression
194
areas between the pedicles called
Intervertebral foramina
195
Intervertebral foramina function
area for nerves and blood vessels
196
spinal cord pass through
Vertebral canal
197
cervical vertebrae parts
Transverse foramen and Bifid spinous process
198
Transverse foramen
1 on each side, hold major blood from and to the brain
199
Bifid spinous process
branched off into 2
200
how many holes does cervical vertebra have
3 holes
201
c1 vertebra
atlas
202
atlas
attachment for skull
203
c2 vertebra
axis
204
axis
spins/rotation of head
205
dens/odontoid process
assist in rotation of head with ligament in front of it
206
vertebra prominens
End of cervical vertebra, C7
207
vertebra prominens function
Allows ligament attachment to maintain cervical curve
208
where do thoracic vertebra articulate
articulate with ribs
209
thoracic vertebrae parts
Costal facet and Downward facing spinuous processes
210
costal facet
Where the ribs attach, 2 superior and 2 inferior, smooth parts
211
thoracic vertebra look like
giraffes
212
why are lumbar the largest vertebra
hold the most weight
213
lumbar vertebra description
Thick vertebral bodies, look like moose, shorter/squared of spinous process
214
function of the sacrum
Protect reproductive, digestive, and urinary organs
215
sacrum location
Attachment point for lower appendicular
216
the sacrum is a
fused vertebrae
217
Sacrum canal
holds remaining spinal cord nerves
218
Auricular surfaces
place for hipbones to attach
219
Median sacral crest
fusion of spinous processes
220
How does the coccyx attach to the sacrum
a suture
221
What makes up the rib cage
thoracic vertebra, ribs, sternum
222
How many bones fuse to form the sternum
1-10, 1-7 directly, 8-10 indirectly
223
How many pairs of ribs do humans have?
12 pairs
224
Which ribs attach at the vertebral column
11-12
225
Capitulum of rib
head of rib, this attaches on the thoracic vertebra side
226
Shaft of rib
wraps around body
227
Costal groove
contain nerves and blood vessels, gives it a lil extra protection
228
how many thoracic vertebra are in contact with each rib
2
229
sternum parts
Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid Process
230
manubrium
top part of sternum
231
body of sternum
long part of sternum
232
xiphoid process of sternum
small part at end of sternum, can break off during CPR
233
appendicular skeleton function
forms appendages and attachment of points of the body
234
body areas of the appendicular skeleton
Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limb
235
pectoral girdle
clavicle (collar bones) and scapulae (shoulder blades)
236
function of pectoral girdle
Connects the arms to the axial skeleton
237
scapula function
Holds your arm to the rest of the skeleton at that point.
238
Sternal end of clavicle
connects to sternum
239
Acromial end of clavicle
connects to scapula
240
Coracoid process
on scapula, ligament attachment
241
Acromion
on scapula, behind coracoid process, where the clavicle attaches
242
Lateral border
on scapula, towards outside of body
243
Medial border
on scapula, vertebral border, inside border
244
Glenoid cavity
on scapula, attachment for head of humerus
245
Scapular spine
part that sticks up off the back of scapula, at the end of this there is the acromion
246
Supraspinous fossa
on back of scapula, above spine
247
Infraspinous fossa
on back of scapula, below spine
248
4 parts of the upper limb
Arm, forearm, wrist, hand
249
humerus
1 bone in the arm
250
shaft of humerus
diaphysis
251
head of humerus
attaches to scapula, at the glenoid cavity
252
greater tubercle
establish shoulder contour
253
lesser tubercle
in between head and greater tubercle, establish shoulder contour, attachment point for ligaments
254
Surgical neck of humerus
metaphysis, allows humerus to grow, attachment points for ligaments
255
Deltoid tuberosity
on humerus, line that sticks off bone, attachment point for deltoid muscle
256
Coronoid fossa
on humerus, holds coronoid part of ulna, front
257
Medial epicondyle
on humerus, sticks out more, muscle attachment at elbow joint
258
lateral epicondyle
on humerus, smoother, muscle attachment at elbow joint
259
Radial groove
on humerus, back of humerus, allows radial nerve, funny bone, back of shaft
260
Olecranon fossa
on humerus, holds ulnar head at elbow
261
Trochlea
on humerus, smooth areas where ulnar rotates, middle part of condyle
262
Capitulum
on humerus, smooth area where ulnar rotates, articulation of forearm at elbow
263
two bones that make up forearm
ulna and radius
264
ulna
elbow part we feel, longer, pinky side
265
Olecranon
on ulna, point of elbow, Olecranon of ulna goes into olecranon fossa of humerus
266
Ulnar head
at wrist joint
267
Styloid process of ulna
helps support wrist joint, on pinky side
268
Trochlear notch
ulna, crescent moon shape that fits into trochlea of humerus
269
Coronoid process
on ulna, bottom lip of trochlea notch, fits into coronoid fossa of humerus
270
Radius
on thumb side
271
Radial head
on elbow joint side, attaches/come in contact at capitulum of humerus
272
Radial tuberosity
bump, where radius comes into contact with ulna, helps rotates ulna and radius
273
Styloid process of radius
bumpy part of radius, help support wrist, on thumb side
274
Interosseous membrane between radius and ulna
between ulna and radius, stabilize the two bones
275
8 bones in the wrist
scaphoid, lunate, pisiform, triquetrum, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium
276
function of carpus bone
wrist bones, Allows large range of motion
277
thumb
pollex
278
How many metacarpals
5
279
3 bones make up a phalange
Proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx
280
pollex
does not have 3 bones, on proximal and distal phalanx
281
pelvic girdle
made from paired hips bones and sacrum
282
3 main parts of pelvis
ilium, ischium, pubis
283
ilium
what we feel on the from of us, hip bone
284
ischium
part we sit on
285
pubis
in front
286
acetabulum
head of femur goes here, legs physical attach to hips
287
ischial tuberosity
what we sit on, holds our weight while sitting
288
greater sciatic notch
sciatic nerve goes around here
289
posterior iliac spine
back of hip bone
290
Iliac crest
what we feel on front of our hips
291
Auricular surface of the ilium
attaches to the auricular surface of the sacrum
292
Iliac tuberosity
place for ligaments to attach
293
Iliac fossa
bowl that holds organs,
294
Pubic symphysis
part that connects the pubis
295
Obturator foramen
opening between pubis and ischium
296
joint where the sacrum and pelvis meet
sacro-iliac joint
297
female pelvis
Larger pelvic outlet, broader pelvic angle, less curvature of sacrum/coccyx so baby doesn’t have huge scratch on forehead, wider/more circular pelvic inlet=top of pelvis is more circular, broad pelvis, laterally spread illia
298
5 parts of lower limb
thigh, knee, leg, ankle, and foot
299
femur
longest and heaviest bone
300
Femoral head
fits into acetabulum
301
Fovea capitis
on femur, small indent for ligament to attach to acetabulum for anchor
302
Greater trochanter and lesser trochanter of femur
attachment for muscle and ligaments
303
Gluteal tuberosity
on femur, holds some glute muscle
304
Linea aspera
on femur, attachment point for muscles
305
Patellar surface
anterior, patella sits here on femur
306
Popliteal surface
posterior, on femur
307
patella
knee
308
2 bones that make up leg
fibula and tibia
309
fibula
outside, lateral, pinky side, skinnier
310
tibia
big toe side, in/medial, wider
311
Tibial tuberosity
front, attachment for patellar ligament
312
Later/medial condyles of tibia
articulate with the femur
313
Intercondylar eminence
back of tibia, separate the pads of cartilage, separates tibial condyles
314
Medial malleolus
on the tibia, bump on inside of ankle, provide ankle support
315
head of fibula
articulates with tibia
316
Lateral malleolus of fibula
outside bump on ankle, provide support for ankle
317
Interosseous membrane between fibula and tibia
membrane that stabilizes and attachment muscle sites
318
5 major bones of the ankle
Talus, calcareous, navicular, cuboid, cuneiform bones
319
talus
tibia attaches to ankle
320
Calcaneous
heel bone
321
Where does the Achilles tendon attach
Attach at calcaneous bone
322
anatomical term for the big toe
hallux
323
metatarsals
5
324
three bones make up a toe
proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx
