EXAM #3 Flashcards
skeletal system
composed of bones and all other stuff that connects the bones (cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissue)
2 major sections of the skeleton
axial and appendicular
Axial
center of the body, skull, thorax (sternum and rib cage), vertebral column
axial bone #
80 bones
appendicular
outside part (leg and arms) and anything that attaches the limbs to the axial. pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle
appendicular bone #
126 bones
function of the skeleton
support, mineral storage, blood cell production, protection, leverage
bones classified
shape and structure and display surface features
How many broad categories are there?
6
what are the categories? flisss
flat, sutural, long, irregular, sesamoid, and short
flat bones description
protection of underlying tissue.
flat bones examples
Skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae
Sutural bone description
hold bones together, between flat bones
sutural bone examples
in the skull
long bone description
long and slender
long bone description
arms, fingers, legs, toes
irregular bone description
complex shapes
irregular bone examples
vertebrae, pelvis, skull (face bones)
sesamoid bone description
small/ flat, this is where people can have more or less than 206 bones
sesamoid bone examples
form in tendons, knees, hands, feet
short bone description
small/ boxy
short bone examples
wrist and ankles, these bones help attach hands and feet to our appendages
bone surfaces/bone markings
Characteristic external and internal features related to its functions
canal/meatus
pathway through bone, ex- one behind eye to send info to the brain from eye
process
bump/projection
sinus
air chambers
foramen
hole to allow blood vessels and nerves to go through
fissure
elongated cleft or gap, not necessarily have something that goes through
head
in all long bones, where the joint forms
tubercle
small, rounded projection
sulcus
deep, narrow grove
tuberosity
small, rough projection
diaphysis
shaft, long part of long bone
trochlea
end of long bones, help joints move smoothly, smooth, grooved articular process
condyle
end of long bones, help joints move smoothly, smooth, rounded articular process
crest
prominent ridge, when u feel your hip bone= you feel your crest
fossa
shallow indentation/depression pelvic fossa=holds reproduction organs, form a bowl
line
low ridge process
spine
pointed or narrow process
ramus
really only see it in the pelvis, extension of bone that makes an angle
trochanter
large rough projection, bigger than tubercle and tuberosity
neck
between head and diaphysis
facet
small flat surface
smallest to largest for the 3 T projections
tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter
elevations and projections
process and ramus
process formed where tendons and ligaments attach
trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine, head
processes formed for articulate with adjacent bones
head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet
depressions
fossa and sulcus
openings
foramen, canal/meatus, fissure, sinus
epiphysis
end of bone
how many epiphysis are there?
2
what is the epiphysis made of?
spongy bone
metaphysis
connects epiphysis to diaphysis
how many metaphysis are there
2
what is the metaphysis made of?
spongy bone
diaphysis
shaft
how many diaphysis are there?
1
what is the diaphysis made of?
compact bone
medullary cavity
hollow portion in the shaft
blood production location
in diaphysis of our long bones, there is bone marrow in the medulla cavity
metaphyscal artery/vein
carry blood to metaphysis and epiphysis
nutrient artery/vein
carry blood to entire bone
nutrient foramen
hole that allows nutrient artery/vein access
articular cartilage type
hyaline cartilage
articular cartilage function
helps joints not rub together, smoothes them
is articular cartilage avascular or vascular?
avascular
What is the articular cartilage on the outside of bones?
Articular cartilage
What is the outer covering of bone
periosteum
periosteum definition
layer around bone
what does spongy bone do?
helps absorb and move the force on bones
periosteum contains ____
extensive blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and sensory nerves
when you break a bone it hurts because
you broke the periosteum (all the nerves and stuff)
4 bone cell types
Osteoprogenitors, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
Osteoprogenitors
step 1, Stem cells/beginning cells. These turn into osteoblasts
Osteoblasts
bone builders, these turn to osteocytes
Osteocytes
mature bone cell, most of our bones are made of this, hard ones
Osteoclasts
help break bones down, –break the nutrients/minerals down and put into blood stream
osteon type of unit
functional units of compact bone
trabeculae type of unit
functional units of spongy bone
2 parts of functional unit of compact bone
central canal and concentric lamellae
central canal
arteries and veins went up to the bone to bring oxygen
concentric lamellae
structures
As we get further out of the concentric lamellae, the ring structures are __
younger
As we get closer in on the concentric lamellae, the ring structures are ___
older
trabeculae direction
multiple direction force
what is bone growth called?
appositional growth
how do they grow?
grow in diameter
osteon direction
single direction stress
trabeculae definition
open framework
3 steps to bone growth from powerpoint
Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts
Add bone matrix to bone surface
Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
3 steps to bone growth in my words
Concentric lamellae being laid down in layers and layers, osteoblasts getting caught and becoming osteocytes.
2 ways bone is formed
Endochondral and Intramembranous
Endochondral definition
replacing hyaline cartilage by bone
Intramembranous definition
replacement of fibrous connective tissue by bone
Endochondral location
most of bones are made like this
Intramembranous location
bones that have to be really strong-skull mandible, and clavicle
Endochondral description
heavier but not stronger
Intramembranous description
Stronger but lighter because of all the chambers within it
What element is bone primarily composed of?
calcium
percentage of calcium comes from bone
99%
percentage of phosphorus comes from bone
99%
What elements come from bone?
calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, carbonate, and phosphate
How do we use and regulate calcium in the body
hormonally regulated
two hormones for calcium regulation
parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
what hormone is used when low calcium in the body
parathyroid hormone
what hormone is used when high calcium in the body
calcitonin
what 3 organs are involved in regulation of calcium?
intestine, bone, and kidney
what happens when low calcium
Intestine to increase rate of absorption
Osteoclasts to start breaking bone down to release calcium into the blood stream
Kidneys to hold on to calcium and not excrete extra calcium
what happens when high calcium
Calcitonin decreases intestinal absorption
Increases bone growth
Increases kidney excretion
how do bones repair themselves
bleeding, get scab/bruise, spongy bone moves in, layers of osteoblasts are laid down, and then at the end is an external callus
2 categories of fractures
closed/simple and open/compound
closed/simple fracture
completely internal, does not break the skin
open/compound
breaks through the skin
10 fracture types
transverse, spiral, displaced, compression, greenstick, comminuted, epiphyseal, pott, and collies
transverse
most common, fracture of shaft/diaphysis of the long bone
spiral
bone is twisted, common in kids, especially child abuse
displaced
bone breaks and heals but does not heal well. Bone is offset
compression
two bones come together, compressing the bone, in vertebrae
greenstick
a lot in children also, breaks part way through. Does not go all the way through, just bends
comminuted
when bone shatters, worst because hard to fix since pieces all over
epiphyseal fracture
in epiphysis
pott
in ankle bone
collies
in wrist
what does the axial form
center of the body, longitudinal body
functions of axial skeleton
Framework and support for brain, spinal cord, and ventral body cavity organs
Muscle attachment
does the axial move a lot?
no it has minimal moment because it protects such important organs, its very strong and reinforced by ligaments
how many bones in the axial
80
parts included in axial skeleton
skull (for brain), thoracic cage (for lungs), vertebral column (for spinal cord), and supplemental cartilages
primary function of skull
Protect and support opening to the digest and respiratory tract
Provides muscle attachment for facial expressions and eating
sutures
connect all skull bones
what skull bone is not connected by suture
mandible, for moving jaw, an articulation
frontal bone
makes up forehead
parietal bone
behind the frontal bone
spheniod bone
makes the back of the eye orbit, shaped like a butterfly
nasal bone
nose
ethmoid bone
top half of your nasal septum
maxilla bone
top jaw bones
zygomatic bone
cheek bone
3 bones that make up eye orbit
Frontal (top), zygotmatic (sides), and maxilla (under)
temporal bone
sides of skull
mandible
lower jaw, articulation
vomer
bottom half of nasal septum
nasal concha
superior/inferior, stick out like fans, take the air and warm it up before it goes to the lungs
occipital bone
back of the skull
sagittal suture
between parietal bones
coronal suture
between parietal and frontal
lambdoid suture
between parietal and occipital
squamous suture
between temporal and parietal
external acoustic meatus
ear hole/passageway
styloid process
area for ligament attachment to hold the head on to our vertebra
Alveolar processes
part of maxilla and mandible that hold our teeth
Foramen magnum
hole that allows brain and spinal cord to meet up
Occipital condyle
allows skull to sit on vertebral column, first cervical vertebra and skull meet here
foramen ovale
in the sphenoid bone, highest holes up when looking from the skull underneath
foramen lacerum
go down from ovale, in the temporal bone
Jugular foramen
slide back more, jugular vein goes through this
Carotid canal
carotid arteries go through here
main way blood goes to and from the brain
Jugular vein and carotid artery
Palatine bone
back of the roof of mouth
coronoid process
on mandible, looks like a shark tooth
Mandibular notch
on mandible, behind the coronoid process
Condylar process
behind mandibular notch, at dentist they feel it. the mandible attaches to your skull by this process
Hyoid bone
sits at base of throat, moves neck muscles, associated bone to skull, not attached to any bones, just floats there by tendons and ligaments
auditory ossicles
3 of them, in middle ear, move sound vibrations from outer ear to inner ear
soft spot on infant skulls
Fontanelles
Fontanelles are formed by
cartilage
primary functions of the vertebral column
Supporting head, neck, and trunk
Protects spinal cord
Transfers body weight to appendicular skeleton (legs)
Helps maintain upright body position
How many bones make up the vertebral column
26 bones
5 main divisions of the vertebral column
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
how many bones in cervical
7
how many bones in thoracic
12
how many bones in lumbar
5
Spinal curves
accommodate organs and help balance
2 types of spinal curves
primary curves and secondary cures
primary curves defintion
develop before birth, inward to hold organs
secondary curves definition
develop after birth, outward, for balance
2 primary curves
thoracic and sacral
thoracic curve
makes room for main organs
sacral curve
curve for reproductive organs
2 secondary curves
cervical and lumbar
cervical curve
balance for head on the neck
lumber curve
balance for trunk over lower limbs, assist with standing
3 parts each vertebra have
articular processes, vertebral arch, and vertebral body
Articular processes
allows them to connect with other vertebra, has hyaline cartilage on them, have 4 of them= inferior/superior
Vertebral arch
back and sides of vertebral foramen
4 parts to vertebral arch
spinuous process, laminae, transverse process, pedicles
spinuous process
part you feel on your back that sticks out
laminae
on both sides
transverse process
on both sides
pedicles
make sides of vertebral arch, weight transfer
ventral body
large thick portion of vertebra
what are intervertebral discs made of
Fibrous cartilage
intervertebral discs location
between vertebral bodies, helps reduce compression
areas between the pedicles called
Intervertebral foramina
Intervertebral foramina function
area for nerves and blood vessels
spinal cord pass through
Vertebral canal
cervical vertebrae parts
Transverse foramen and Bifid spinous process
Transverse foramen
1 on each side, hold major blood from and to the brain
Bifid spinous process
branched off into 2
how many holes does cervical vertebra have
3 holes
c1 vertebra
atlas
atlas
attachment for skull
c2 vertebra
axis
axis
spins/rotation of head
dens/odontoid process
assist in rotation of head with ligament in front of it
vertebra prominens
End of cervical vertebra, C7
vertebra prominens function
Allows ligament attachment to maintain cervical curve
where do thoracic vertebra articulate
articulate with ribs
thoracic vertebrae parts
Costal facet and Downward facing spinuous processes
costal facet
Where the ribs attach, 2 superior and 2 inferior, smooth parts
thoracic vertebra look like
giraffes
why are lumbar the largest vertebra
hold the most weight
lumbar vertebra description
Thick vertebral bodies, look like moose, shorter/squared of spinous process
function of the sacrum
Protect reproductive, digestive, and urinary organs
sacrum location
Attachment point for lower appendicular
the sacrum is a
fused vertebrae
Sacrum canal
holds remaining spinal cord nerves
Auricular surfaces
place for hipbones to attach
Median sacral crest
fusion of spinous processes
How does the coccyx attach to the sacrum
a suture
What makes up the rib cage
thoracic vertebra, ribs, sternum
How many bones fuse to form the sternum
1-10, 1-7 directly, 8-10 indirectly
How many pairs of ribs do humans have?
12 pairs
Which ribs attach at the vertebral column
11-12
Capitulum of rib
head of rib, this attaches on the thoracic vertebra side
Shaft of rib
wraps around body
Costal groove
contain nerves and blood vessels, gives it a lil extra protection
how many thoracic vertebra are in contact with each rib
2
sternum parts
Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid Process
manubrium
top part of sternum
body of sternum
long part of sternum
xiphoid process of sternum
small part at end of sternum, can break off during CPR
appendicular skeleton function
forms appendages and attachment of points of the body
body areas of the appendicular skeleton
Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limb
pectoral girdle
clavicle (collar bones) and scapulae (shoulder blades)
function of pectoral girdle
Connects the arms to the axial skeleton
scapula function
Holds your arm to the rest of the skeleton at that point.
Sternal end of clavicle
connects to sternum
Acromial end of clavicle
connects to scapula
Coracoid process
on scapula, ligament attachment
Acromion
on scapula, behind coracoid process, where the clavicle attaches
Lateral border
on scapula, towards outside of body
Medial border
on scapula, vertebral border, inside border
Glenoid cavity
on scapula, attachment for head of humerus
Scapular spine
part that sticks up off the back of scapula, at the end of this there is the acromion
Supraspinous fossa
on back of scapula, above spine
Infraspinous fossa
on back of scapula, below spine
4 parts of the upper limb
Arm, forearm, wrist, hand
humerus
1 bone in the arm
shaft of humerus
diaphysis
head of humerus
attaches to scapula, at the glenoid cavity
greater tubercle
establish shoulder contour
lesser tubercle
in between head and greater tubercle, establish shoulder contour, attachment point for ligaments
Surgical neck of humerus
metaphysis, allows humerus to grow, attachment points for ligaments
Deltoid tuberosity
on humerus, line that sticks off bone, attachment point for deltoid muscle
Coronoid fossa
on humerus, holds coronoid part of ulna, front
Medial epicondyle
on humerus, sticks out more, muscle attachment at elbow joint
lateral epicondyle
on humerus, smoother, muscle attachment at elbow joint
Radial groove
on humerus, back of humerus, allows radial nerve, funny bone, back of shaft
Olecranon fossa
on humerus, holds ulnar head at elbow
Trochlea
on humerus, smooth areas where ulnar rotates, middle part of condyle
Capitulum
on humerus, smooth area where ulnar rotates, articulation of forearm at elbow
two bones that make up forearm
ulna and radius
ulna
elbow part we feel, longer, pinky side
Olecranon
on ulna, point of elbow, Olecranon of ulna goes into olecranon fossa of humerus
Ulnar head
at wrist joint
Styloid process of ulna
helps support wrist joint, on pinky side
Trochlear notch
ulna, crescent moon shape that fits into trochlea of humerus
Coronoid process
on ulna, bottom lip of trochlea notch, fits into coronoid fossa of humerus
Radius
on thumb side
Radial head
on elbow joint side, attaches/come in contact at capitulum of humerus
Radial tuberosity
bump, where radius comes into contact with ulna, helps rotates ulna and radius
Styloid process of radius
bumpy part of radius, help support wrist, on thumb side
Interosseous membrane between radius and ulna
between ulna and radius, stabilize the two bones
8 bones in the wrist
scaphoid, lunate, pisiform, triquetrum, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium
function of carpus bone
wrist bones, Allows large range of motion
thumb
pollex
How many metacarpals
5
3 bones make up a phalange
Proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx
pollex
does not have 3 bones, on proximal and distal phalanx
pelvic girdle
made from paired hips bones and sacrum
3 main parts of pelvis
ilium, ischium, pubis
ilium
what we feel on the from of us, hip bone
ischium
part we sit on
pubis
in front
acetabulum
head of femur goes here, legs physical attach to hips
ischial tuberosity
what we sit on, holds our weight while sitting
greater sciatic notch
sciatic nerve goes around here
posterior iliac spine
back of hip bone
Iliac crest
what we feel on front of our hips
Auricular surface of the ilium
attaches to the auricular surface of the sacrum
Iliac tuberosity
place for ligaments to attach
Iliac fossa
bowl that holds organs,
Pubic symphysis
part that connects the pubis
Obturator foramen
opening between pubis and ischium
joint where the sacrum and pelvis meet
sacro-iliac joint
female pelvis
Larger pelvic outlet, broader pelvic angle, less curvature of sacrum/coccyx so baby doesn’t have huge scratch on forehead, wider/more circular pelvic inlet=top of pelvis is more circular, broad pelvis, laterally spread illia
5 parts of lower limb
thigh, knee, leg, ankle, and foot
femur
longest and heaviest bone
Femoral head
fits into acetabulum
Fovea capitis
on femur, small indent for ligament to attach to acetabulum for anchor
Greater trochanter and lesser trochanter of femur
attachment for muscle and ligaments
Gluteal tuberosity
on femur, holds some glute muscle
Linea aspera
on femur, attachment point for muscles
Patellar surface
anterior, patella sits here on femur
Popliteal surface
posterior, on femur
patella
knee
2 bones that make up leg
fibula and tibia
fibula
outside, lateral, pinky side, skinnier
tibia
big toe side, in/medial, wider
Tibial tuberosity
front, attachment for patellar ligament
Later/medial condyles of tibia
articulate with the femur
Intercondylar eminence
back of tibia, separate the pads of cartilage, separates tibial condyles
Medial malleolus
on the tibia, bump on inside of ankle, provide ankle support
head of fibula
articulates with tibia
Lateral malleolus of fibula
outside bump on ankle, provide support for ankle
Interosseous membrane between fibula and tibia
membrane that stabilizes and attachment muscle sites
5 major bones of the ankle
Talus, calcareous, navicular, cuboid, cuneiform bones
talus
tibia attaches to ankle
Calcaneous
heel bone
Where does the Achilles tendon attach
Attach at calcaneous bone
anatomical term for the big toe
hallux
metatarsals
5
three bones make up a toe
proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx
