Exam 6 Flashcards
upper respiratory tract
passageways from the nose to larynx
lower respiratory tract
passageways from trachea to alveoli
passageways of the lungs use
purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air
nostrils (nares)
route through which air enters
nasal cavity
the interior of the nose
nasal septum
divides the nasal cavity (vomer bone location)
Olfactory receptors location
mucosa on the superior surface of the nose
olfactory receptor use
moistens air, traps incoming foreign particles, and enzymes in the mucus destroy bacteria
conchae
projections of the lateral walls of the nose
increased trapping of inhaled particles
palate (hard and soft)
separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
paranasal sinuses
cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxima bones
acts as resonance chambers for speech
produce mucus
pharynx
throat
muscular passageway from nasal cavity to larynx
3 regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
serve as common passageway for air and food
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) location
located in the nasoharynx
palatine tonsils location
located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate
lingual tonsils location
found at the base of the tongue
the larynx
voice box
routes air and food into proper channels
located inferior to the pharynx
largest rigid hyaline cartilage in the larynx
thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
epiglottis
spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage
protects the superior opening of the larynx
routes food to the esophagus and routes air toward the trachea
rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx
the trachea
windpipe
4 inch long tube that connects to the larynx
use of the ciliated mucosa in the trachea
expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
the main bronchi
formed by division of the trachea
right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left
bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches
the lungs
occupy the entire thoracic cavity
left wing has 2 lobes
right wing has 3 lobes
serosa
covers the outer surface of the lungs
pleural fluid
fills the area between layers in the lungs
allows the lungs to glide over the thorax
decreases friction during breathing
the bronchial tree
network of branching passageways
all but the smallest passageways have reinforcing cartilage in the walls
conduits to and from the respiratory zone
bronchioles
smallest conducting passageways
terminal bronchioles
lead into respiratory zone structures and terminate into alveoli
alveoli
simple squamous epithelial cell largely compose the walls
alveolar pores
connect neighboring air sacs
pulmonary capillaries
cover external surfaces of alveoli
respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier)
on one side of the membrane is air and the other side is blood flowing past
alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon, particles, and other debris
surfactant (a lipid molecule)
coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces
secreted by cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells
functions of the respiratory system
supply the body with oxygen
dispose of carbon dioxide
4 distinct events of respiration
- pulmonary ventilation
- external respiration
- respiratory gas transport
- internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
moving air into and out of the lungs
external respiration
gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
respiratory gas transport
transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream
internal respiration
gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries
inspiration (inhalation)
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
intrapulmonary volume increases
gas pressure decreases
air flows into the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure
expiration (exhalation)
largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity
intrapulmonary volume decreases
gas pressure increases
intrapleural pressure
the pressure within the pleural space is always negative
major factor preventing lung collapse
Tidal volume (TV)
normal quiet breathing
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the TV
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration
Residual volume
air remaining in lung after expiration
Vital capacity
the total amount of exchangeable air
dead space volume
air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli
functional volume
air that actually reaches the respiratory zone
bronchial sounds
produced by air rushing through large passageways
vesicular breathing sounds
soft sounds of air filling alveoli
external respiration
an exchange of gases occurring between the alveoli and pulmonary blood (pulmonary gas exchange)
internal respiration
an exchange of gases occurring between the blood and tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange)
Neural regulation
setting the basic rhythm
activity of muscles is transmitted to brain from phrenic and intercostal nerves
medulla respiration control
sets basic rhythm and pacemaker
pons respiration control
smooths out respiratory rate
hyperpnea
increased respiratory rate
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema
shared features include history of smoking, labored breathing becomes progressively worse, coughing and frequent pulmonary infections
chronic bronchitis
mucosa of the lower respiratory system becomes severely inflamed
excessive mucus production impairs ventilation and gas exchange
emphysema
alveoli walls are destroyed, remaining alveoli enlarge
chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis and lungs loose elasticity
use a large amount of energy to exhale
barrel chest
lung cancer
leading cause of cancer deaths
90% of cases from smoking
aggressive cancer that metastasizes rapidly
