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BIO160 > Exam 6 > Flashcards

Exam 6 Flashcards

1
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

passageways from the nose to larynx

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2
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

passageways from trachea to alveoli

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3
Q

passageways of the lungs use

A

purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air

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4
Q

nostrils (nares)

A

route through which air enters

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5
Q

nasal cavity

A

the interior of the nose

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6
Q

nasal septum

A

divides the nasal cavity (vomer bone location)

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7
Q

Olfactory receptors location

A

mucosa on the superior surface of the nose

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8
Q

olfactory receptor use

A

moistens air, traps incoming foreign particles, and enzymes in the mucus destroy bacteria

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9
Q

conchae

A

projections of the lateral walls of the nose
increased trapping of inhaled particles

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10
Q

palate (hard and soft)

A

separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

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11
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxima bones
acts as resonance chambers for speech
produce mucus

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12
Q

pharynx

A

throat
muscular passageway from nasal cavity to larynx

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13
Q

3 regions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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14
Q

serve as common passageway for air and food

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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15
Q

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) location

A

located in the nasoharynx

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16
Q

palatine tonsils location

A

located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate

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17
Q

lingual tonsils location

A

found at the base of the tongue

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18
Q

the larynx

A

voice box
routes air and food into proper channels
located inferior to the pharynx

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19
Q

largest rigid hyaline cartilage in the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)

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20
Q

epiglottis

A

spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage
protects the superior opening of the larynx
routes food to the esophagus and routes air toward the trachea
rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx

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21
Q

the trachea

A

windpipe
4 inch long tube that connects to the larynx

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22
Q

use of the ciliated mucosa in the trachea

A

expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs

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23
Q

the main bronchi

A

formed by division of the trachea
right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left
bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

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24
Q

the lungs

A

occupy the entire thoracic cavity
left wing has 2 lobes
right wing has 3 lobes

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25
serosa
covers the outer surface of the lungs
26
pleural fluid
fills the area between layers in the lungs allows the lungs to glide over the thorax decreases friction during breathing
27
the bronchial tree
network of branching passageways all but the smallest passageways have reinforcing cartilage in the walls conduits to and from the respiratory zone
28
bronchioles
smallest conducting passageways
29
terminal bronchioles
lead into respiratory zone structures and terminate into alveoli
30
alveoli
simple squamous epithelial cell largely compose the walls
31
alveolar pores
connect neighboring air sacs
32
pulmonary capillaries
cover external surfaces of alveoli
33
respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier)
on one side of the membrane is air and the other side is blood flowing past
34
alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon, particles, and other debris
35
surfactant (a lipid molecule)
coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces secreted by cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells
36
functions of the respiratory system
supply the body with oxygen dispose of carbon dioxide
37
4 distinct events of respiration
1. pulmonary ventilation 2. external respiration 3. respiratory gas transport 4. internal respiration
38
pulmonary ventilation
moving air into and out of the lungs
39
external respiration
gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
40
respiratory gas transport
transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream
41
internal respiration
gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries
42
inspiration (inhalation)
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract intrapulmonary volume increases gas pressure decreases air flows into the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure
43
expiration (exhalation)
largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity intrapulmonary volume decreases gas pressure increases
44
intrapleural pressure
the pressure within the pleural space is always negative major factor preventing lung collapse
45
Tidal volume (TV)
normal quiet breathing
46
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the TV
47
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration
48
Residual volume
air remaining in lung after expiration
49
Vital capacity
the total amount of exchangeable air
50
dead space volume
air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli
51
functional volume
air that actually reaches the respiratory zone
52
bronchial sounds
produced by air rushing through large passageways
53
vesicular breathing sounds
soft sounds of air filling alveoli
54
external respiration
an exchange of gases occurring between the alveoli and pulmonary blood (pulmonary gas exchange)
55
internal respiration
an exchange of gases occurring between the blood and tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange)
56
Neural regulation
setting the basic rhythm activity of muscles is transmitted to brain from phrenic and intercostal nerves
57
medulla respiration control
sets basic rhythm and pacemaker
58
pons respiration control
smooths out respiratory rate
59
hyperpnea
increased respiratory rate
60
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema shared features include history of smoking, labored breathing becomes progressively worse, coughing and frequent pulmonary infections
61
chronic bronchitis
mucosa of the lower respiratory system becomes severely inflamed excessive mucus production impairs ventilation and gas exchange
62
emphysema
alveoli walls are destroyed, remaining alveoli enlarge chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis and lungs loose elasticity use a large amount of energy to exhale barrel chest
63
lung cancer
leading cause of cancer deaths 90% of cases from smoking aggressive cancer that metastasizes rapidly

BIO160 (7 decks)

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