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BIO160 > Exam 6 > Flashcards

Exam 6 Flashcards

1
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

passageways from the nose to larynx

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2
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

passageways from trachea to alveoli

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3
Q

passageways of the lungs use

A

purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air

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4
Q

nostrils (nares)

A

route through which air enters

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5
Q

nasal cavity

A

the interior of the nose

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6
Q

nasal septum

A

divides the nasal cavity (vomer bone location)

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7
Q

Olfactory receptors location

A

mucosa on the superior surface of the nose

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8
Q

olfactory receptor use

A

moistens air, traps incoming foreign particles, and enzymes in the mucus destroy bacteria

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9
Q

conchae

A

projections of the lateral walls of the nose
increased trapping of inhaled particles

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10
Q

palate (hard and soft)

A

separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

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11
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxima bones
acts as resonance chambers for speech
produce mucus

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12
Q

pharynx

A

throat
muscular passageway from nasal cavity to larynx

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13
Q

3 regions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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14
Q

serve as common passageway for air and food

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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15
Q

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) location

A

located in the nasoharynx

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16
Q

palatine tonsils location

A

located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate

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17
Q

lingual tonsils location

A

found at the base of the tongue

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18
Q

the larynx

A

voice box
routes air and food into proper channels
located inferior to the pharynx

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19
Q

largest rigid hyaline cartilage in the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)

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20
Q

epiglottis

A

spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage
protects the superior opening of the larynx
routes food to the esophagus and routes air toward the trachea
rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx

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21
Q

the trachea

A

windpipe
4 inch long tube that connects to the larynx

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22
Q

use of the ciliated mucosa in the trachea

A

expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs

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23
Q

the main bronchi

A

formed by division of the trachea
right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left
bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

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24
Q

the lungs

A

occupy the entire thoracic cavity
left wing has 2 lobes
right wing has 3 lobes

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25
Q

serosa

A

covers the outer surface of the lungs

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26
Q

pleural fluid

A

fills the area between layers in the lungs
allows the lungs to glide over the thorax
decreases friction during breathing

27
Q

the bronchial tree

A

network of branching passageways
all but the smallest passageways have reinforcing cartilage in the walls
conduits to and from the respiratory zone

28
Q

bronchioles

A

smallest conducting passageways

29
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

lead into respiratory zone structures and terminate into alveoli

30
Q

alveoli

A

simple squamous epithelial cell largely compose the walls

31
Q

alveolar pores

A

connect neighboring air sacs

32
Q

pulmonary capillaries

A

cover external surfaces of alveoli

33
Q

respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier)

A

on one side of the membrane is air and the other side is blood flowing past

34
Q

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

A

add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon, particles, and other debris

35
Q

surfactant (a lipid molecule)

A

coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces
secreted by cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells

36
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

supply the body with oxygen
dispose of carbon dioxide

37
Q

4 distinct events of respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. respiratory gas transport
  4. internal respiration
38
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

moving air into and out of the lungs

39
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli

40
Q

respiratory gas transport

A

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream

41
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries

42
Q

inspiration (inhalation)

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
intrapulmonary volume increases
gas pressure decreases
air flows into the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure

43
Q

expiration (exhalation)

A

largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity
intrapulmonary volume decreases
gas pressure increases

44
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

the pressure within the pleural space is always negative
major factor preventing lung collapse

45
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

normal quiet breathing

46
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the TV

47
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration

48
Q

Residual volume

A

air remaining in lung after expiration

49
Q

Vital capacity

A

the total amount of exchangeable air

50
Q

dead space volume

A

air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli

51
Q

functional volume

A

air that actually reaches the respiratory zone

52
Q

bronchial sounds

A

produced by air rushing through large passageways

53
Q

vesicular breathing sounds

A

soft sounds of air filling alveoli

54
Q

external respiration

A

an exchange of gases occurring between the alveoli and pulmonary blood (pulmonary gas exchange)

55
Q

internal respiration

A

an exchange of gases occurring between the blood and tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange)

56
Q

Neural regulation

A

setting the basic rhythm
activity of muscles is transmitted to brain from phrenic and intercostal nerves

57
Q

medulla respiration control

A

sets basic rhythm and pacemaker

58
Q

pons respiration control

A

smooths out respiratory rate

59
Q

hyperpnea

A

increased respiratory rate

60
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema
shared features include history of smoking, labored breathing becomes progressively worse, coughing and frequent pulmonary infections

61
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

mucosa of the lower respiratory system becomes severely inflamed
excessive mucus production impairs ventilation and gas exchange

62
Q

emphysema

A

alveoli walls are destroyed, remaining alveoli enlarge
chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis and lungs loose elasticity
use a large amount of energy to exhale
barrel chest

63
Q

lung cancer

A

leading cause of cancer deaths
90% of cases from smoking
aggressive cancer that metastasizes rapidly

BIO160 (7 decks)

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