Exam 5 Flashcards
1
Q
what does blood transport
A
nutrients
wastes
hormones
body heat
2
Q
the only fluid tissue in the human body
A
blood
3
Q
components of blood
A
formed elements (living cells)
plasma (nonliving fluid matrix)
4
Q
separated blood layers
A
erythrocytes (bottom)
buffy coat (leukocytes and plateletes)
plasma (top)
5
Q
blood volume in body
A
5 to 6 liters or 6 quarts
8% of body weight
6
Q
Plasma makeup
A
90% water
includes dissolved substances (nutrients, salts, respiratory gasses, hormones, plasma proteins, waste products)
7
Q
Plasma Proteins
A
made in the liver
includes albumin, clotting proteins, and antibodies
8
Q
erthrocytes (RBCs)
A
red blood cells
main function is to carry oxygen
9
Q
Anemia
A
decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of blood
10
Q
Sickle Cell Anemia
A
abnormally shaped hemoglobin
11
Q
Polcythemia
A
disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal increase of RBCs
12
Q
Leukocytes (WBCs)
A
white blood cells
crucial in body’s defense against disease
13
Q
Leokocytosis
A
generally indicates an infection
14
Q
Leukopenia
A
abnormally low WBC count
15
Q
Leukemia
A
cancerous bone marrow
16
Q
List the WBCs from most to least abundant
A
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
17
Q
Neutrophils
A
function as phagocytes at active sites of infection
numbers increase during infection
18
Q
Eosinophils
A
function is to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks
19
Q
Basophils
A
contain heparin (anticoagulant)
20
Q
Lymphocytes
A
play a role in immune response
21
Q
Hematopoiesis
A
blood cell formation
occurs in red bone marrow
forms 2 types of descendants (lymphoid and myeloid stem cells)
22
Q
Thrombopoietin
A
stimulates production of platelets from megakaryocytes
23
Q
Hemostasis phases
A
- Vascular spasms
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation (blood clotting)
24
Q
Vascular spasms
A
immediate response to blood vessel injury
spasms narrow the blood vessel
25
Platelet plug formation
platelets become "sticky" and cling to fibers
pile up to form a platelet plug
26
Coagulation
injured tissues release tissue factor
fibrin forms a meshwork
27
Thrombus
a clot in an unbroken blood vessel
can be deadly in areas like lungs
28
Embolus
a thrombus that breaks away and flows freely in bloodstream
can clog vessels in critical areas like the brain
29
Thrombocytopenia
insufficient number of circulating platelets
small purplish blotches on the skin
even normal movements can cause bleeding
30
Hemophilia
hereditary bleeding disorder
normal clotting factors are missing
31
Sites of blood cell formation
the fetal liver and spleen are early sites of BCF
bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the 7th month
32
The lymphatic system consists of 2 semi-independent parts
lymphatic vessels
lymphoid tissues and organs
33
Lymphatic system functions
transports escaped fluids from the cardiovascular system back to the blood
plays essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease
34
Lymphatics
form a one way system
lymph flows only toward the heart
35
Lymph capillaries
weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries
walls overlap to form flaplike minivalves
fluid leaks into lymph capillaries
capillaries are anchored to connective tissue by filaments
higher pressure on the inside closes minivalves
fluid is forced along the vessel
36
Lymphatic collective vessels
collect lymph from lymph capillaries
carry lymph to and away from lymph nodes
return fluid to circulatory veins near the heart
37
Lymph transport is aided by
milking action of skeletal muscles
pressure changes in thorax during breathing
smooth muscle in walls of lymphatics
38
Lymph nodes
filter lymph before it is returned to the blood
harmful bacteria are filtered
defense cells within lymph nodes
39
Macrophages
engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substance in lymph
40
Lymphocytes
respond to foreign substances in lymph
41
Cortex (outer part)
contains follicles-collections of lymphocytes
42
Medulla (inner part)
contains phagocytic macrophages
43
Flow of lymph through nodes
lymph enters the convex slide through afferent lymphatic vessels
lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the node
lymph exits through efferent lymphatic vessels
because there are fewer efferent than afferent vessels, flow is slowed
44
Other lymphoid organs that contribute to lymphatic function
spleen, thymus, tonsils, Peyer's patches, appendix
45
Spleen
filters and cleans blood of bacteria, viruses, and debris
provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
destroys worn out blood cells
acts as a blood reservoir
46
Thymus
functions at peak levels only during youth
47
Tonsils
trap and remove bacteria and other foreign pathogens
48
Peyer's patches
macrophages capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine
49
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Peyer's patches, tonsils, appendix
acts as a sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts
50
Innate (nonspecific) defense system
responds immediately to protect body from foreign materials
51
Adaptive (specific) defense system
fights invaders that get past the innate system
52
Body surface coverings
intact skin, mucous membranes
53
Natural Killer (NK) cells
burst and kill cancer cells
release chemicals called "perforin" and "granzymes" to degrade target cell contents
54
Inflammatory response
triggered when body tissues are injured
damaged cells release histamine and kinin
55
Life span of a RBC
around 120 days
56
Diapedesis
Neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls to sites of infection
57
Phagocytes
cells such as neutrophils and macrophages engulf foreign material by phagocytosis
the phagocytic vesicle is fused with a lysosome and enzymes digest the cell's contents
58
Antimicrobial proteins
enhance innate defenses by attacking microorganisms directly, hindering reproduction of microorganisms
most important types: complement proteins and interferon
59
Complement proteins
refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the plasm
complement is activated when these plasma proteins encounter and attach to cells
60
Interferons
small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells
bind to membrane receptors on healthy cell surfaces to interfere with the ability of viruses to multiply
61
Fever
inhibits the release of iron and zinc needed by bacteria from the liver and spleen
increases the speed of repair processes
62
Adaptive body defenses
3rd line of defense, antigens are targeted and destroyed by antibodies
63
3 aspects of adaptive defense
antigen specific
systemic
memory
64
2 arms of the adaptive defense system
humoral immunity
cellular immunity
65
Humoral immunity
antibody-mediated immunity
provided by antibodies present in body fluids
66
Cellular immunity
cell-mediated immunity
targets virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts
67
Haptens
incomplete antigens that are not antigenic themselves
poison ivy, pet dander, detergents, hair dyes, and cosmetics
68
Lymphocytes
B cells and T cells
arise from hemocytoblasts of bone marrow
69
Immunocompetence
the capability to respond to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface
70
T cells
develop in the thymus and oversee cell mediated immunity
71
B cells
develop in the bone marrow and provide humoral immunity
72
Active immunity
naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections
artificially acquired from vaccines
73
Passive immunity
naturally acquired from breast milk
artificially acquired from immune serum
immunologically memory does not occur
protection is short-lived (2-3 weeks)
74
Autografts
tissue transplanted from 1 site to another on the same person
75
Isografts
tissue grafts from a genetically identical person
76
Allografts
tissue taken from a person other than an identical twin
77
Xenografts
tissue taken from a different animal species
78
Disorders of Immunity
allergies, autoimmune diseases, immunodefiencies
79
Myasthenia gravis
impairs communication between nerves and skeletal muscle
80
Graves disease
thyroid gland produces excess thyroxine
81
Multiple sclerosis
white matter of brain and spinal cord is destroyed
82
Type 1 diabetes mellituse
destroys pancreatic beta cells
83
Systemic lupus erythematosis
affects kidney, heart, lungs, and skin
84
Glomerulonephritis
severe impairment of kidney function due to acute inflammation
85
SCID
congenital immunodeficiency
86
HIV and AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency
