Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO160 > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what does blood transport

A

nutrients
wastes
hormones
body heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the only fluid tissue in the human body

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

components of blood

A

formed elements (living cells)
plasma (nonliving fluid matrix)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

separated blood layers

A

erythrocytes (bottom)
buffy coat (leukocytes and plateletes)
plasma (top)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

blood volume in body

A

5 to 6 liters or 6 quarts
8% of body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Plasma makeup

A

90% water
includes dissolved substances (nutrients, salts, respiratory gasses, hormones, plasma proteins, waste products)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Plasma Proteins

A

made in the liver
includes albumin, clotting proteins, and antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

erthrocytes (RBCs)

A

red blood cells
main function is to carry oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Anemia

A

decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

abnormally shaped hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Polcythemia

A

disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal increase of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs)

A

white blood cells
crucial in body’s defense against disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Leokocytosis

A

generally indicates an infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Leukopenia

A

abnormally low WBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Leukemia

A

cancerous bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List the WBCs from most to least abundant

A

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Neutrophils

A

function as phagocytes at active sites of infection
numbers increase during infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Eosinophils

A

function is to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Basophils

A

contain heparin (anticoagulant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lymphocytes

A

play a role in immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

blood cell formation
occurs in red bone marrow
forms 2 types of descendants (lymphoid and myeloid stem cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

stimulates production of platelets from megakaryocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hemostasis phases

A
  1. Vascular spasms
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Vascular spasms

A

immediate response to blood vessel injury
spasms narrow the blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers
pile up to form a platelet plug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Coagulation

A

injured tissues release tissue factor
fibrin forms a meshwork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Thrombus

A

a clot in an unbroken blood vessel
can be deadly in areas like lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Embolus

A

a thrombus that breaks away and flows freely in bloodstream
can clog vessels in critical areas like the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

insufficient number of circulating platelets
small purplish blotches on the skin
even normal movements can cause bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hemophilia

A

hereditary bleeding disorder
normal clotting factors are missing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Sites of blood cell formation

A

the fetal liver and spleen are early sites of BCF
bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the 7th month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The lymphatic system consists of 2 semi-independent parts

A

lymphatic vessels
lymphoid tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Lymphatic system functions

A

transports escaped fluids from the cardiovascular system back to the blood
plays essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Lymphatics

A

form a one way system
lymph flows only toward the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Lymph capillaries

A

weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries
walls overlap to form flaplike minivalves
fluid leaks into lymph capillaries
capillaries are anchored to connective tissue by filaments
higher pressure on the inside closes minivalves
fluid is forced along the vessel

36
Q

Lymphatic collective vessels

A

collect lymph from lymph capillaries
carry lymph to and away from lymph nodes
return fluid to circulatory veins near the heart

37
Q

Lymph transport is aided by

A

milking action of skeletal muscles
pressure changes in thorax during breathing
smooth muscle in walls of lymphatics

38
Q

Lymph nodes

A

filter lymph before it is returned to the blood
harmful bacteria are filtered
defense cells within lymph nodes

39
Q

Macrophages

A

engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substance in lymph

40
Q

Lymphocytes

A

respond to foreign substances in lymph

41
Q

Cortex (outer part)

A

contains follicles-collections of lymphocytes

42
Q

Medulla (inner part)

A

contains phagocytic macrophages

43
Q

Flow of lymph through nodes

A

lymph enters the convex slide through afferent lymphatic vessels
lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the node
lymph exits through efferent lymphatic vessels
because there are fewer efferent than afferent vessels, flow is slowed

44
Q

Other lymphoid organs that contribute to lymphatic function

A

spleen, thymus, tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix

45
Q

Spleen

A

filters and cleans blood of bacteria, viruses, and debris
provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
destroys worn out blood cells
acts as a blood reservoir

46
Q

Thymus

A

functions at peak levels only during youth

47
Q

Tonsils

A

trap and remove bacteria and other foreign pathogens

48
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

macrophages capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine

49
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

Peyer’s patches, tonsils, appendix
acts as a sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts

50
Q

Innate (nonspecific) defense system

A

responds immediately to protect body from foreign materials

51
Q

Adaptive (specific) defense system

A

fights invaders that get past the innate system

52
Q

Body surface coverings

A

intact skin, mucous membranes

53
Q

Natural Killer (NK) cells

A

burst and kill cancer cells
release chemicals called “perforin” and “granzymes” to degrade target cell contents

54
Q

Inflammatory response

A

triggered when body tissues are injured
damaged cells release histamine and kinin

55
Q

Life span of a RBC

A

around 120 days

56
Q

Diapedesis

A

Neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls to sites of infection

57
Q

Phagocytes

A

cells such as neutrophils and macrophages engulf foreign material by phagocytosis
the phagocytic vesicle is fused with a lysosome and enzymes digest the cell’s contents

58
Q

Antimicrobial proteins

A

enhance innate defenses by attacking microorganisms directly, hindering reproduction of microorganisms
most important types: complement proteins and interferon

59
Q

Complement proteins

A

refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the plasm
complement is activated when these plasma proteins encounter and attach to cells

60
Q

Interferons

A

small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells
bind to membrane receptors on healthy cell surfaces to interfere with the ability of viruses to multiply

61
Q

Fever

A

inhibits the release of iron and zinc needed by bacteria from the liver and spleen
increases the speed of repair processes

62
Q

Adaptive body defenses

A

3rd line of defense, antigens are targeted and destroyed by antibodies

63
Q

3 aspects of adaptive defense

A

antigen specific
systemic
memory

64
Q

2 arms of the adaptive defense system

A

humoral immunity
cellular immunity

65
Q

Humoral immunity

A

antibody-mediated immunity
provided by antibodies present in body fluids

66
Q

Cellular immunity

A

cell-mediated immunity
targets virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts

67
Q

Haptens

A

incomplete antigens that are not antigenic themselves
poison ivy, pet dander, detergents, hair dyes, and cosmetics

68
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells
arise from hemocytoblasts of bone marrow

69
Q

Immunocompetence

A

the capability to respond to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte’s surface

70
Q

T cells

A

develop in the thymus and oversee cell mediated immunity

71
Q

B cells

A

develop in the bone marrow and provide humoral immunity

72
Q

Active immunity

A

naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections
artificially acquired from vaccines

73
Q

Passive immunity

A

naturally acquired from breast milk
artificially acquired from immune serum
immunologically memory does not occur
protection is short-lived (2-3 weeks)

74
Q

Autografts

A

tissue transplanted from 1 site to another on the same person

75
Q

Isografts

A

tissue grafts from a genetically identical person

76
Q

Allografts

A

tissue taken from a person other than an identical twin

77
Q

Xenografts

A

tissue taken from a different animal species

78
Q

Disorders of Immunity

A

allergies, autoimmune diseases, immunodefiencies

79
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

impairs communication between nerves and skeletal muscle

80
Q

Graves disease

A

thyroid gland produces excess thyroxine

81
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

white matter of brain and spinal cord is destroyed

82
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellituse

A

destroys pancreatic beta cells

83
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosis

A

affects kidney, heart, lungs, and skin

84
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

severe impairment of kidney function due to acute inflammation

85
Q

SCID

A

congenital immunodeficiency

86
Q

HIV and AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency

BIO160 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions