Exam 1 Flashcards
Dorsal Body Cavity
Cranial cavity (brain)
Spinal cavity (spinal cord)
Ventrical Body Cavity
Thoracic cavity (heart, lungs, etc)
Abdominopelvic cavity ( superior abdominal cavity: stomach, liver, etc) (inferior peliv cavity: reproductive organs, bladder, rectum)
Definition of Anatomy
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Definition of Physiology
study of how the body and its parts work or function
Integumentary System
forms the external body covering (skin), includes hair and fingernails
Skeletal System
Consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints
Muscular System
Skeletal muscles contract
Nervous System
Consists of brain, spinal, nerves, and sensory receptors
Endocrine system
Secretes chemical molecules, hormones
Cardiovascular System
Includes heart and blood vessels
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic vessels, nodes, and lymphoid organs
Respiratory system
Includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Digestive System
Includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and accessory organs
Urinary System
Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Reproductive System
Males include testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system
Females include ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Features of epithelial tissue
cells fit closely together and often form sheets
regenerate easily if well nourished
Exocrine glands
Glands that make substances such as sweat, tears, saliva, milk, and digestive juices
Simple cell layer
One layer
Stratified cell layer
More than one layer
Squamous cells
flattened, like fish scales
Cuboidal cells
cube-shaped, like dice
Columnar cells
Column-like
Simple squamous cells
single layer of flat cells
usually forms membranes
lines air sacs in lungs, forms walls of capillaries, forms serous membranes that line and cover organs in ventral cavity
Simple cuboidal cells
single layer of cube-like cells
common in glands and their ducts
forms walls of kidney tubules
covers the surface of ovaries
functions in secretion and absorption
Simple columnar cells
single layer of tall cells
goblet cells secrete mucus
lines digestive tract from stomach to anus
functions in secretion and absorption
Pseudostratified columnar cells
all cells rest on a basement membrane
single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
respiratory tract
functions in absorption or secretion
Stratified squamous cells
functions as a protective covering where friction in common
lining of the skin, mouth, and esophagus
Stratified cuboidal cells
2 layers of cuboidal cells
functions in protection
Stratified columnar cells
surface cells are columnar, and cells underneath vary in size and shape
functions in protection
Location of stratified cuboidal and columnar cells
found mainly in ducts of large glands
Levels of Structural Organization
- atoms
- cells
- tissues
- organs
- organ systems
- organisms
Negative feedback loop
includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
works like a household thermostat
Positive feedback loop
rare in the human body
increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
reaction occurs at a faster rate
occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a body
Define homeostasis
maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions
necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Components of homeostatic control system
Receptor- responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Control center- determines set point, analyzes information, determines appropriate response
Effector- provides a means for response to the stimulus, information flows from control center to effector along efferent pathway
Anatomical Position
stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body
Superior
towards the head or upper part of a structure or the body
Inferior
away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
Anterior
toward or at the front of the body
Posterior
toward or at the backside of the body
Medial
toward or at the middle of the body
Lateral
away from the midline of the body
Intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Proximal
close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb
Distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb
Superficial
toward or at the body surface
Deep
away from the body surface
Redness (erythema)
due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy
Pallor (blanching)
due to emotional stress, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area
Jaundice (yellow cast)
indicates a liver disorder
Bruises (black and blue marks)
hematomas
Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions
4 quadrants
9 regions
Keratin
Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein
keeps hair, skin, and nails
Sagittal
divides the body or organ into left and right parts
Median
divides into equal left and right parts
Frontal
divides into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse
divides into superior and inferior parts
Layers of the epidermis
CLGSMB
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
ABCDE
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter
Evolution
Basal cell carcinoma
least malignant and most common
no longer make keratin
lesions appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer
Squamous cell carcinoma
UV exposure
Scaly, reddened papules that gradually form shallow ulcers
metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
Malignant melanoma
Most deadly, but only 5% of skin cancers
Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
ABCDE
Epithelial membranes
simple organs
covering and lining membranes
contain epithelial and connective tissue layers
Cutaneous membrane
skin
dry membrane
epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
dermis is mostly dense connective tissue
Mucous membranes
moist membranes
lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface
Adapted for absorption or secretion
Serous membranes
line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body
Synovial membranes
loose areolar connective tissue only
line fibrous capsules surrounding joints
secrete a lubrication fluid to cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity
