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BIO160 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

Cranial cavity (brain)
Spinal cavity (spinal cord)

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2
Q

Ventrical Body Cavity

A

Thoracic cavity (heart, lungs, etc)
Abdominopelvic cavity ( superior abdominal cavity: stomach, liver, etc) (inferior peliv cavity: reproductive organs, bladder, rectum)

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3
Q

Definition of Anatomy

A

Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

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4
Q

Definition of Physiology

A

study of how the body and its parts work or function

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5
Q

Integumentary System

A

forms the external body covering (skin), includes hair and fingernails

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6
Q

Skeletal System

A

Consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints

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7
Q

Muscular System

A

Skeletal muscles contract

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8
Q

Nervous System

A

Consists of brain, spinal, nerves, and sensory receptors

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9
Q

Endocrine system

A

Secretes chemical molecules, hormones

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10
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Includes heart and blood vessels

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11
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Lymphatic vessels, nodes, and lymphoid organs

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12
Q

Respiratory system

A

Includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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13
Q

Digestive System

A

Includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and accessory organs

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14
Q

Urinary System

A

Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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15
Q

Reproductive System

A

Males include testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system
Females include ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

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16
Q

Features of epithelial tissue

A

cells fit closely together and often form sheets
regenerate easily if well nourished

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17
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that make substances such as sweat, tears, saliva, milk, and digestive juices

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18
Q

Simple cell layer

A

One layer

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19
Q

Stratified cell layer

A

More than one layer

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20
Q

Squamous cells

A

flattened, like fish scales

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21
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

cube-shaped, like dice

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22
Q

Columnar cells

A

Column-like

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23
Q

Simple squamous cells

A

single layer of flat cells
usually forms membranes
lines air sacs in lungs, forms walls of capillaries, forms serous membranes that line and cover organs in ventral cavity

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24
Q

Simple cuboidal cells

A

single layer of cube-like cells
common in glands and their ducts
forms walls of kidney tubules
covers the surface of ovaries
functions in secretion and absorption

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25
Q

Simple columnar cells

A

single layer of tall cells
goblet cells secrete mucus
lines digestive tract from stomach to anus
functions in secretion and absorption

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26
Q

Pseudostratified columnar cells

A

all cells rest on a basement membrane
single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
respiratory tract
functions in absorption or secretion

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27
Q

Stratified squamous cells

A

functions as a protective covering where friction in common
lining of the skin, mouth, and esophagus

28
Q

Stratified cuboidal cells

A

2 layers of cuboidal cells
functions in protection

29
Q

Stratified columnar cells

A

surface cells are columnar, and cells underneath vary in size and shape
functions in protection

30
Q

Location of stratified cuboidal and columnar cells

A

found mainly in ducts of large glands

31
Q

Levels of Structural Organization

A
  1. atoms
  2. cells
  3. tissues
  4. organs
  5. organ systems
  6. organisms
32
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
works like a household thermostat

33
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

rare in the human body
increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
reaction occurs at a faster rate
occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a body

34
Q

Define homeostasis

A

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions
necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life

35
Q

Components of homeostatic control system

A

Receptor- responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Control center- determines set point, analyzes information, determines appropriate response
Effector- provides a means for response to the stimulus, information flows from control center to effector along efferent pathway

36
Q

Anatomical Position

A

stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body

37
Q

Superior

A

towards the head or upper part of a structure or the body

38
Q

Inferior

A

away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body

39
Q

Anterior

A

toward or at the front of the body

40
Q

Posterior

A

toward or at the backside of the body

41
Q

Medial

A

toward or at the middle of the body

42
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline of the body

43
Q

Intermediate

A

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

44
Q

Proximal

A

close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb

45
Q

Distal

A

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb

46
Q

Superficial

A

toward or at the body surface

47
Q

Deep

A

away from the body surface

48
Q

Redness (erythema)

A

due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy

49
Q

Pallor (blanching)

A

due to emotional stress, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

50
Q

Jaundice (yellow cast)

A

indicates a liver disorder

51
Q

Bruises (black and blue marks)

A

hematomas

52
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions

A

4 quadrants
9 regions

53
Q

Keratin

A

Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein
keeps hair, skin, and nails

54
Q

Sagittal

A

divides the body or organ into left and right parts

55
Q

Median

A

divides into equal left and right parts

56
Q

Frontal

A

divides into anterior and posterior parts

57
Q

Transverse

A

divides into superior and inferior parts

58
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

CLGSMB
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

59
Q

ABCDE

A

Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter
Evolution

60
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

least malignant and most common
no longer make keratin
lesions appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer

61
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

UV exposure
Scaly, reddened papules that gradually form shallow ulcers
metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed

62
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

Most deadly, but only 5% of skin cancers
Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
ABCDE

63
Q

Epithelial membranes

A

simple organs
covering and lining membranes
contain epithelial and connective tissue layers

64
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

skin
dry membrane
epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
dermis is mostly dense connective tissue

65
Q

Mucous membranes

A

moist membranes
lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface
Adapted for absorption or secretion

66
Q

Serous membranes

A

line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body

67
Q

Synovial membranes

A

loose areolar connective tissue only
line fibrous capsules surrounding joints
secrete a lubrication fluid to cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity

BIO160 (7 decks)

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