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BIO160 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

Cranial cavity (brain)
Spinal cavity (spinal cord)

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2
Q

Ventrical Body Cavity

A

Thoracic cavity (heart, lungs, etc)
Abdominopelvic cavity ( superior abdominal cavity: stomach, liver, etc) (inferior peliv cavity: reproductive organs, bladder, rectum)

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3
Q

Definition of Anatomy

A

Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

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4
Q

Definition of Physiology

A

study of how the body and its parts work or function

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5
Q

Integumentary System

A

forms the external body covering (skin), includes hair and fingernails

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6
Q

Skeletal System

A

Consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints

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7
Q

Muscular System

A

Skeletal muscles contract

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8
Q

Nervous System

A

Consists of brain, spinal, nerves, and sensory receptors

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9
Q

Endocrine system

A

Secretes chemical molecules, hormones

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10
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Includes heart and blood vessels

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11
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Lymphatic vessels, nodes, and lymphoid organs

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12
Q

Respiratory system

A

Includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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13
Q

Digestive System

A

Includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and accessory organs

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14
Q

Urinary System

A

Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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15
Q

Reproductive System

A

Males include testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system
Females include ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

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16
Q

Features of epithelial tissue

A

cells fit closely together and often form sheets
regenerate easily if well nourished

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17
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that make substances such as sweat, tears, saliva, milk, and digestive juices

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18
Q

Simple cell layer

A

One layer

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19
Q

Stratified cell layer

A

More than one layer

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20
Q

Squamous cells

A

flattened, like fish scales

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21
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

cube-shaped, like dice

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22
Q

Columnar cells

A

Column-like

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23
Q

Simple squamous cells

A

single layer of flat cells
usually forms membranes
lines air sacs in lungs, forms walls of capillaries, forms serous membranes that line and cover organs in ventral cavity

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24
Q

Simple cuboidal cells

A

single layer of cube-like cells
common in glands and their ducts
forms walls of kidney tubules
covers the surface of ovaries
functions in secretion and absorption

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25
Simple columnar cells
single layer of tall cells goblet cells secrete mucus lines digestive tract from stomach to anus functions in secretion and absorption
26
Pseudostratified columnar cells
all cells rest on a basement membrane single layer, but some cells are shorter than others respiratory tract functions in absorption or secretion
27
Stratified squamous cells
functions as a protective covering where friction in common lining of the skin, mouth, and esophagus
28
Stratified cuboidal cells
2 layers of cuboidal cells functions in protection
29
Stratified columnar cells
surface cells are columnar, and cells underneath vary in size and shape functions in protection
30
Location of stratified cuboidal and columnar cells
found mainly in ducts of large glands
31
Levels of Structural Organization
1. atoms 2. cells 3. tissues 4. organs 5. organ systems 6. organisms
32
Negative feedback loop
includes most homeostatic control mechanisms shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity works like a household thermostat
33
Positive feedback loop
rare in the human body increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther reaction occurs at a faster rate occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a body
34
Define homeostasis
maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
35
Components of homeostatic control system
Receptor- responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Control center- determines set point, analyzes information, determines appropriate response Effector- provides a means for response to the stimulus, information flows from control center to effector along efferent pathway
36
Anatomical Position
stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body
37
Superior
towards the head or upper part of a structure or the body
38
Inferior
away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
39
Anterior
toward or at the front of the body
40
Posterior
toward or at the backside of the body
41
Medial
toward or at the middle of the body
42
Lateral
away from the midline of the body
43
Intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
44
Proximal
close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb
45
Distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb
46
Superficial
toward or at the body surface
47
Deep
away from the body surface
48
Redness (erythema)
due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy
49
Pallor (blanching)
due to emotional stress, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area
50
Jaundice (yellow cast)
indicates a liver disorder
51
Bruises (black and blue marks)
hematomas
52
Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions
4 quadrants 9 regions
53
Keratin
Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein keeps hair, skin, and nails
54
Sagittal
divides the body or organ into left and right parts
55
Median
divides into equal left and right parts
56
Frontal
divides into anterior and posterior parts
57
Transverse
divides into superior and inferior parts
58
Layers of the epidermis
CLGSMB Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale
59
ABCDE
Asymmetry Border irregularity Color Diameter Evolution
60
Basal cell carcinoma
least malignant and most common no longer make keratin lesions appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer
61
Squamous cell carcinoma
UV exposure Scaly, reddened papules that gradually form shallow ulcers metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
62
Malignant melanoma
Most deadly, but only 5% of skin cancers Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels ABCDE
63
Epithelial membranes
simple organs covering and lining membranes contain epithelial and connective tissue layers
64
Cutaneous membrane
skin dry membrane epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium dermis is mostly dense connective tissue
65
Mucous membranes
moist membranes lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface Adapted for absorption or secretion
66
Serous membranes
line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body
67
Synovial membranes
loose areolar connective tissue only line fibrous capsules surrounding joints secrete a lubrication fluid to cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity

BIO160 (7 decks)

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