Exam 4 (Endocrine/Cardiovascular Systems)

Question 1

Hormones control several major processes

Answer 1

reproduction
growth and development
mobilization of body defenses
maintenance of homeostasis
regulation of metabolism

Question 2

Endocrinology

Answer 2

study of hormones and endocrine organs

Question 3

Hormones are amino acid based, which includes

Answer 3

proteins
peptides
amines

Question 4

Pituitary gland

Answer 4

pea-sized gland that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain, protected by the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
2 functional lobes: anterior and posterior pituitary

Question 5

Hypothalamus

Answer 5

produces releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones, makes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Question 6

Posterior pituitary

Answer 6

does not make the hormones it releases, stores hormones made by the hypothalamus

Question 7

Oxytocin

Answer 7

stimulates contractions in the uterus during labor, sex, and breastfeeding

Question 8

ADH

Answer 8

inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys

Question 9

6 anterior pituitary glands

Answer 9

2 hormones affect nonendocrine targets (growth hormone, prolactin)
4 are tropic hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyrotropic hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Question 10

Growth Hormone (GH)

Answer 10

major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy

Question 11

Prolactin (PRL)

Answer 11

stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth

Question 12

Gonadotropic hormones

Answer 12

regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

Question 13

Thyrotropic hormone (TH)

Answer 13

influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland

Question 14

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 14

regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

Question 15

Pinal gland

Answer 15

secrets melatonin

Question 16

Thyroid gland

Answer 16

consists of 2 lobes and a connecting thymus
produces 2 hormones; thyroid hormone and calcitonin

Question 17

Thyroid hormone

Answer 17

major metabolic hormone
controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat
2 active iodine-containing hormones: T4 and T3

Question 18

Calcitonin

Answer 18

decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium deposition on bone

Question 19

Parathyroid glands

Answer 19

secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
most important regulator of calcium ion (CA2+) homeostasis of the blood
stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone
stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium

Question 20

Thymus

Answer 20

largest in infants and children
produces a hormone called thymosin
important in developing the immune system

Question 21

Adrenal glands

Answer 21

sit on top of the kidneys
2 regions: adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla

Question 22

adrenal cortex

Answer 22

outer glandular region has 3 layers that produce corticosteroids
mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
sex hormones

Question 23

Adrenal medulla

Answer 23

produces catecholamines (adrenaline, nonadrenaline)
hormones prepare the body to deal with short term stress

Question 24

mineralocorticoids

Answer 24

regulate mineral content in blood

Question 25

Glucocorticoids

Answer 25

promote normal cell metabolism
anti-inflammatory properties

Question 26

Sex hormones (male and female)

Answer 26

androgens (male)
estrogens (female)

Question 27

Pancreas

Answer 27

mixed gland with both endocrine and exocrine functions

Question 28

Insulin

Answer 28

released when blood glucoses levels are high

Question 29

Glucagon

Answer 29

released when blood glucose levels are low

Question 30

Gonads

Answer 30

produce sex cells and hormones

Question 31

Other organs that are generally nonendocrine in function that also secrete hormones

Answer 31

stomach, small intestine, kidneys, heart

Question 32

Placenta

Answer 32

produce hormones that maintain pregnancy
produces human chorionic gonad tropic (hCG) in addition to estrogen and progesterone

Question 33

Human placental lactogen (hPh)

Answer 33

prepares the breast for lactation

Question 34

Hormones act by 2 mechanisms

Answer 34

direct gene activation
2nd messenger system

Question 35

The 3 major categories that stimuli falls into

Answer 35

hormonal
humoral
neural

Question 36

Hormonal stimuli

Answer 36

endocrine organs are activated by other hormones

Question 37

Humoral stimuli

Answer 37

changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release

Question 38

Neural stimuli

Answer 38

nerve fibers stimulate hormonal release