Exam 5—Vaccination Flashcards
variolation
dried pustules from smallpox were inhaled or rubbed into skin to prevent smallpox
resulted in smallpox infection 1/100 times
first vaccine
1796 - Jenner - cowpox was used to purposefully inoculate people against smallpox
eradication of smallpox in year…
1979
2 first polio vaccines
Salk vaccine - 1955 - 3 killed strains of polio (IPV)
Sabin vaccine - 1963 - 3 live strains of polio - trivalent oral polio vaccine (TVOP) - given in a sugar cube
best practice for polio vaxx
use IPV and then TVOP
polio vaxx crisis
1955 - 94 people became ill from improperly inactivated vaccine
VP7 and VP4
highly variable coat proteins on rotavirus
RotaTeq
based on a cattle virus that has a combination of human and cow antigens
Rotarix
attenuated - contains common versions of coat proteins
Bacille Calmette-Guerin
TB vaxx from cow version
50% effective
not used in USA
toxoid vaccines ex)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Clostridium tetani
capsule vaccine ex)
S. pneumoniae
conjugate vaccine
example
Vaccines combine pathogen sugar with a toxoid
ex. Neisseria meningitidis polysaccharide bound to tetanus or diphtheria toxoid
anthrax vaccine type
specifically incites —– response
conjugate
T-cell/cellular
why are adjuvants necessary
Purified proteins alone result in missing B7 signal from dendritic cells
alum
aluminum hydroxide mixed with antigen
Freund’s adjuvant
antigen mixed with mineral oil or heat-killed Mycobacterium
explain original antigenic sin
if you get the flu for the second time in a season, your body is prevented from making new antibody because there may be one or two recognizable epitopes on the second virus
antibody you have doesn’t stop you from getting sick, and you don’t get any new ones either
whooping cough vaxx side effects
sleepiness or other seizure like symptoms that went away
whooping cough vaxx crisis
Japan in 1975, two children died after receiving the vaccine
immunizations dropped from 85% to 15%, and the incidence (and mortality) of whooping cough went up by twenty-fold
serum collected from thousands of individuals, sterilized, and given to immunocompromised patients or used to treat Hepatitis A
pooled human sera Ig
serum collected from patients known to have been infected with a specific pathogen
treatment for Hepatitis B
“convalescent plasma” treatment for COVID
specific human Ig
despeciation
Fc is removed from babyBIG to prevent allergic rxn
