Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BI543—Pathogenic Microbiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

4 ways cells defend against HGT

A
  1. toxin-antitoxin system
  2. restriction/modification system
  3. CRISPR system
  4. secretion systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

explain toxin-antitoxin system

A

plasmid encodes a toxin and an antitoxin
daughters that lose the plasmid die; toxin is stable, antitoxin decomposes
daughters that retain the plasmid persist
net result is maintanence of plasmid in pop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

system for degrading incoming DNA

A

restriction/modification system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

EcoRI

A

restriction/modification system
restriction enzyme
cuts DNA at GAATTC
cuts DNA into 4000 bp segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bacteria protect their own DNA from EcoRI by…

A

using methylase to methylate adenines on GAATTC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CRISPR abbreviation

A

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cas1
Cas2

A

CRISPR
bind viral DNA at protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

endonuclease

A

CRISPR
cuts out segment of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CRISPR regions

A

memory bank of previous phage infection DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cas9

A

CRISPR
surveillance protein
carries crRNA to corresponding region of virus in the case of a secondary infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cas endonuclease

A

CRISPR
degrades tagged DNA of virus in secondary infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

uses T4SS with a toxin on the tip that harms a DNA donor, preventing conjugation

A

Pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

discovered first PAIs (2)

A

1921, Frobisher and Brown
1951, Freeman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hly

A

alpha hemolysin
E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

stx

A

Shiga toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SP1-1

A

*Salmonella
*
Type III secretion proteins
PAI example

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

supergenome/pangenome

A

all cells in a population that an organism can share PAIs with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

superbugs

A

combination of PAI transfer and antibiotic resistance transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

1979 belmont report (3)

A

respect for persons, informed consent
beneficence
justice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

animal models & pathogens:
mice
ferrets
guinea pigs
armadillos
chinchillas
zebra fish
nematodes

A

mice: S. enterica Typhimurium
ferrets: H. pylori
guinea pigs:M. tuberculosis
armadillos: M. leprae
chinchillas: H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae
zebra fish: necrotizing Streptococcus, Enterococcus
nematodes: P. aeruginosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ideal animal model (4)

A

sx and distribution match human
acquire disease in same way
low expense
history of usefulness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

nude mice

A

t cell deficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

neutropenic mice

A

no neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

SCID mice

A

lack T and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

knock out mice

A

genetic deficiency
influence of missing gene studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

knock in mice

A

human gene inserted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lewis B antigen

A

RBC sugar
in mice, show binding of H. pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

gnobiotic animals

A

germ-free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

gnobiotics lack…

A

normal gut immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

naive animals

A

free of a pathogen of interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

CFU

A

one cell, 2 diplococci, 4 tetrads, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

dose measured as…

A

CFUs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

survival curve

A

fraction of surviving animals as a function of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

luxABDE

A

luminescence gene used in biophotonic imaging
S. pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

LD50

A

lethal dose 50
number of bacteria detected when 50% of animals are moribund

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

ID50

A

infectious dose 50
number of bacteria that will cause disease in the animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

ID50 graph

A

percentage of animals infected as a function of log(number of bacteria/animal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

competitive index =

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

CI = 1…
CI < 1…
CI > 1…

A

CI = 1; mutant is no different; gene not a virulence factor
CI < 1; mutant not as competitive as wild type
CI > 1; mutant is more virulent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

direct comparison between wild type and mutant pathogens

A

competitive index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

requirements to use CI

A

must be able to tell strains of bacteria apart
no trans effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

used to visualize tissue cultures

A

inverted microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

limitaitons of tissue cultures

A

stop growing after a few generations
cells are nonpolarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

puromycin selection/PAT

A

transduction of viral proteins used to interrupt cell cycle in tissue culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

tissue cultures with bacteria are used to study…

A

invasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

used to study intracellular pathogen invasion

A

plaque assay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

antibiotic used for plaque assay

A

gentamicin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

explain plaque assay

A

pathogens allowed to attach and invade
free swimming bacteria are drained away
molten gentamicin agar is added to top cell layer, preventing extracellular transmission
plaques of intracellular bacteria measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

invasion frequency =

A

CFUs after gentamicin/total CFUs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

actin tails with fluorescent labelling

A

green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

chemicals used for fluorescent labelling

A

ethidium bromide/DNA
phalloidin/actin
anitbody/epitope (gold standard)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

organ culture models
source
limitation

A

biopsies, circumcisions, cosmetic procedures
deteriorate in hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

batch culture stages of growth (5)

A

inoculation
lag phase
trophophase (exponential)
idiophase (stationary)
death phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

happens in lag phase

A

ribosome synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

happens in exponential phase

A

primary metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

happens in stationary phase

A

secondary metabolism
weird things
antibiotic resistance, pigments, HGT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

MSCRAMM

A

microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules

attachment mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

happens in death phase

A

endogenous respiration (cannibals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

infection stages of growth

A

exposure
attachment
colonization
persistence
spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

mode of life in environment pre-infection

A

stationary/poststationary
lack of nutrients, no adhesion sites, noxious substances, dryness, heat, light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

bacteria inactive states

A

endospores
elementary bodies
myxospores
ultra-micro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

safe havens for bacteria

A

reservoirs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

biofilm begins with…

A

adhesion through glycocalyx and fimbriae

64
Q

how does biofilm spread

A

planktonic bacteria

65
Q

biofilms protect against…

A

antibiotics
phagocytosis

66
Q

favorite biofilm locations for P. aeruginosa
problem for who?

A

mucosal surfaces, resp tract
CF patients with thick mucus
burn wound victims

67
Q

poses similar problem to P. aeruginosa

A

Burkholderia cepacia

68
Q

biofilm on teeth
organism
substance

A

Streptococcus
sucrose dextran glycocalyx

69
Q

biofilm that is starved leads to…

A

fruiting body
spores
germination

70
Q

recognizes flagellin
type of antigen

A

TLR5
H antigen

71
Q

energy for flagella

A

proton gradient

72
Q

shift between 2 versions of flagellin

A

Salmonella

73
Q

peritrichous flagella allows…
ex)

A

swarming, moving over surfaces
Proteus

74
Q

has dual systems of flagella used at different times

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

75
Q

flagella in the periplasm constrained at both ends, allowing spirochete movement

A

endoflagella

76
Q

monotrichous
lophotrichous
amphitrichous
peritrichous

A

one
many at one end
one on each end
all over

77
Q

mucinase

A

degrades mucin

78
Q

sIgA proteases

A

ruin IgA traps

79
Q

allows H. pylori to penetrate mucin layer of stomach

A

helical shape, flagella

80
Q

factor H

A

recruitment in capsule leads to complement degradation

81
Q

organism that has many ways to “look like host”

82
Q

“look like the host” factors (6)

A

sialic acids
hyaluronic acids
fibronectin-binding protein
collagen-binding protein
clumping factor (binds fibrinogen)
coagulase (precipitates fibrin)

83
Q

protein A

A

binds Fc, deflecting antibody away

84
Q

protections against defensins (3)

A

capsules
LPS (neg charge binds pos charged defensins)
peptidases (defensin-resistanct bac)

85
Q

has proteins to break down host iron-binding molecules

86
Q

2 classes of siderophores

A

catechol/enterobacin
hydroxamate/anguibactin

87
Q

——- chemistry used by siderophores

A

coordination

88
Q

cheaters for iron acquisition

A

don’t make their own siderophores, but have uptake proteins for others’

89
Q

GP iron carriers besides siderophores

A

staphyloferrins A & B
heme

90
Q

GP system allowing siderophores inside

91
Q

GN system allowing siderophores inside

A

ABC system

92
Q

uses iron abstinence
substitute?

A

Borrelia
manganese

93
Q

proteins in pili

94
Q

on pili tip

95
Q

pili ligands
highly ————–
how can they be deduced?

A

usually glycoproteins/lipids
conserved
competition assay - if mannose is critical, pili bind to mannose instead of cells

96
Q

tropism

A

specificity of binding determines which tissues will be infected

97
Q

GPs with pili (6)

A

S. salivarius
S. gordonii
S. oralis
S. mutans
Corynybacterium
Actinomycies

98
Q

type 1 pili
hemagglutination?
mannose?
genes?

A

yes
sensitive
fim, pap, pil

99
Q

type 2 pili
hemagglutination?
gene?
binds to?
unique?

A

no
cbIA
mucin, epithelials, lung cells
binding motif is all along length

100
Q

type of pili in Burk biofilms

101
Q

type 3 pili
mannose?
organisms?

A

resistant
E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella

102
Q

contribute to biofilms on catheters

A

type 3 pili

103
Q

potential target of pilicides

A

type. 3pili

104
Q

type 4 pili
arrangement?
assembly?
organisms?
unique?

A

bundles, polar
T2SS
GNs (Neisseria, Pasteurella, Dichelobacter, Moraxella, Aggregatibacter, Pseudomonas)
involved in DNA uptake, Haemophilus

105
Q

pili that give motility

106
Q

type 5 pili
assembly?
mannose?
organisms?

A

external
sensitive
E coli

107
Q

system used to assemble type 1 pili

A

chaperone-usher system

108
Q

SecAB

A

chaperone-usher
carries unfolded polypeptides across membrane

109
Q

FimC/PapD

A

chaperone usher
fold and protect proteins

110
Q

FimD/PapC

A

chaperone usher
usher proteins - seat subunits

111
Q

FimA

A

chaperone usher
main pilus protein, makes body

112
Q

PapH

A

chaperone usher
termination protein

113
Q

SecYEG

A

curli
carries polypeptides across membrane

114
Q

CsgC

A

curli
chaperone - protects proteins

115
Q

CsgE

A

curli
processes proteins from CsgC

116
Q

CsgG/CsgF

A

curli
allows subunits to cross outer membrane

117
Q

CsgA/CsgB
shape

A

curli
main body proteins
folding beta sheet nature

118
Q

CsgD

A

curli
transcriptional activator, turns on BAC

119
Q

sortase

A

GP external assembly
anchor molecule, carries pili subunits to membrane

120
Q

GP external assembly orientation of pilus proteins

A

N’ at tip

121
Q

in GPs, pilus is anchored to…

A

peptidoglycan

122
Q

G– have nonfimbrial proteins

123
Q

nonfimbrial proteins attach to…

A

protiens (fibronectin, collagen, fibrinogen, vitronectin, laminin, bone slaloprotein, elastin, thrombspondin)

124
Q

M protein

A

S. pyogenes
attaches to fibronectin in larynx

125
Q

afimbrial adhesins bind…

A

integins. and cadherins between epithelial cells

126
Q

allows host and afimbrial adhesins to attach
pathogen

A

highly conserved RGD sequences
Yersinia

127
Q

InlA
InlB

A

Listeria internalins
mediate invasion
A binds E-caherin, B binds HGF-SF/C1q receptor

128
Q

serum resistant

A

complement in blood fails to degrade bacteria

129
Q

methods for complement evasion

A

capsules
LPS mods

130
Q

capules to complement

A

Prevent alternative C3 convertase (C3bBb) from forming by either reducing attachment factor B or recruiting factor H, which destroys C3b (along with factor I)

prevents classical convertase C4bC2a from forming because it prevents diffusion of IgG (necessary for classical convertase)

131
Q

capsules with hyaluronic acid

A

S. pyogenes

132
Q

capsules with sialic acid

A

N. meningitidis

133
Q

O-LPS mod allowing. itto evade MBL pathway

A

sialic acid instead of mannose

134
Q

O-LPS mod that reduces killing by MAC

A

super long

135
Q

when is baby vulnerable to meningitis

A

after 5 months, before 12 months

136
Q

vaxx for college students against meningitis

137
Q

threat of meningitis

A

lipid A
inflammation in meninges

138
Q

invasin/internalin action

A

promote rearrangement of actin filaments

A pocket forms, and bacteria can be taken into host cell, allowing it to evade the immune system

139
Q

invasin first demonstrated in…

A

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

140
Q

SOD pathogen

A

S. enterica Typhimurium

141
Q

flavohemoglobin

A

defends nitric oxide attack
E. coli

142
Q

Mip

A

Legionella invasin
causes coiling phagocytosis
RER around vacuole prevents fusion

143
Q

ruffles on surface via actin rearrangement

A

Salmonella enterica
no phagolysosomal fusion

144
Q

M. tuberculosis uses what ligand to enter cell

A

C3 receptor

145
Q

TACO

A

M. tuberculosis
surface of phagosome
prevents fusion

146
Q

interleukin suppressed by M tuberculosis

A

IL-12
Th1 mediated killing

147
Q

LLO

A

Listeria, hly gene
listeriolysin
pores in phagosome membrane
functions at 5.5 pH

148
Q

SLO

A

S. pyogenes streptolysin

149
Q

PLO

A

S. pneumoniae
pneumolysin

150
Q

PFO

A

Clostridium perfringens
perfringolysin

151
Q

cell to cell movement organisms (3)

A

Listeria, Shigella flexneri, Rickettsia rickettsii

152
Q

ActA

A

recruits actin, pushing the bacterium forward as they are inserted

153
Q

free themselves from netosis

154
Q

spreading factors

A

collagenase
elastase
hyaluronidase

155
Q

streptokinase

A

S. pyogenes
dissolves fibrin clots by activating plasminogen to plasmin

this allows the bacteria to spread, even into the bloodstream

BI543—Pathogenic Microbiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions