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BI543—Pathogenic Microbiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

4 ways cells defend against HGT

A
  1. toxin-antitoxin system
  2. restriction/modification system
  3. CRISPR system
  4. secretion systems
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2
Q

explain toxin-antitoxin system

A

plasmid encodes a toxin and an antitoxin
daughters that lose the plasmid die; toxin is stable, antitoxin decomposes
daughters that retain the plasmid persist
net result is maintanence of plasmid in pop

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3
Q

system for degrading incoming DNA

A

restriction/modification system

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4
Q

EcoRI

A

restriction/modification system
restriction enzyme
cuts DNA at GAATTC
cuts DNA into 4000 bp segments

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5
Q

bacteria protect their own DNA from EcoRI by…

A

using methylase to methylate adenines on GAATTC

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6
Q

CRISPR abbreviation

A

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

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7
Q

Cas1
Cas2

A

CRISPR
bind viral DNA at protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs)

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8
Q

endonuclease

A

CRISPR
cuts out segment of DNA

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9
Q

CRISPR regions

A

memory bank of previous phage infection DNA

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10
Q

Cas9

A

CRISPR
surveillance protein
carries crRNA to corresponding region of virus in the case of a secondary infection

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11
Q

Cas endonuclease

A

CRISPR
degrades tagged DNA of virus in secondary infection

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12
Q

uses T4SS with a toxin on the tip that harms a DNA donor, preventing conjugation

A

Pseudomonas

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13
Q

discovered first PAIs (2)

A

1921, Frobisher and Brown
1951, Freeman

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14
Q

hly

A

alpha hemolysin
E. coli

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15
Q

stx

A

Shiga toxins

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16
Q

SP1-1

A

*Salmonella
*
Type III secretion proteins
PAI example

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17
Q

supergenome/pangenome

A

all cells in a population that an organism can share PAIs with

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18
Q

superbugs

A

combination of PAI transfer and antibiotic resistance transfer

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19
Q

1979 belmont report (3)

A

respect for persons, informed consent
beneficence
justice

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20
Q

animal models & pathogens:
mice
ferrets
guinea pigs
armadillos
chinchillas
zebra fish
nematodes

A

mice: S. enterica Typhimurium
ferrets: H. pylori
guinea pigs:M. tuberculosis
armadillos: M. leprae
chinchillas: H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae
zebra fish: necrotizing Streptococcus, Enterococcus
nematodes: P. aeruginosa

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21
Q

ideal animal model (4)

A

sx and distribution match human
acquire disease in same way
low expense
history of usefulness

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22
Q

nude mice

A

t cell deficient

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23
Q

neutropenic mice

A

no neutrophils

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24
Q

SCID mice

A

lack T and B cells

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25
Q

knock out mice

A

genetic deficiency
influence of missing gene studied

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26
Q

knock in mice

A

human gene inserted

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27
Q

Lewis B antigen

A

RBC sugar
in mice, show binding of H. pylori

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28
Q

gnobiotic animals

A

germ-free

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29
Q

gnobiotics lack…

A

normal gut immune system

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30
Q

naive animals

A

free of a pathogen of interest

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31
Q

CFU

A

one cell, 2 diplococci, 4 tetrads, etc

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32
Q

dose measured as…

A

CFUs

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33
Q

survival curve

A

fraction of surviving animals as a function of time

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34
Q

luxABDE

A

luminescence gene used in biophotonic imaging
S. pneumoniae

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35
Q

LD50

A

lethal dose 50
number of bacteria detected when 50% of animals are moribund

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36
Q

ID50

A

infectious dose 50
number of bacteria that will cause disease in the animal

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37
Q

ID50 graph

A

percentage of animals infected as a function of log(number of bacteria/animal)

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38
Q

competitive index =

A
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39
Q

CI = 1…
CI < 1…
CI > 1…

A

CI = 1; mutant is no different; gene not a virulence factor
CI < 1; mutant not as competitive as wild type
CI > 1; mutant is more virulent

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40
Q

direct comparison between wild type and mutant pathogens

A

competitive index

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41
Q

requirements to use CI

A

must be able to tell strains of bacteria apart
no trans effects

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42
Q

used to visualize tissue cultures

A

inverted microscope

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43
Q

limitaitons of tissue cultures

A

stop growing after a few generations
cells are nonpolarized

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44
Q

puromycin selection/PAT

A

transduction of viral proteins used to interrupt cell cycle in tissue culture

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45
Q

tissue cultures with bacteria are used to study…

A

invasion

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46
Q

used to study intracellular pathogen invasion

A

plaque assay

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47
Q

antibiotic used for plaque assay

A

gentamicin

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48
Q

explain plaque assay

A

pathogens allowed to attach and invade
free swimming bacteria are drained away
molten gentamicin agar is added to top cell layer, preventing extracellular transmission
plaques of intracellular bacteria measured

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49
Q

invasion frequency =

A

CFUs after gentamicin/total CFUs

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50
Q

actin tails with fluorescent labelling

A

green

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51
Q

chemicals used for fluorescent labelling

A

ethidium bromide/DNA
phalloidin/actin
anitbody/epitope (gold standard)

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52
Q

organ culture models
source
limitation

A

biopsies, circumcisions, cosmetic procedures
deteriorate in hours

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53
Q

batch culture stages of growth (5)

A

inoculation
lag phase
trophophase (exponential)
idiophase (stationary)
death phase

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54
Q

happens in lag phase

A

ribosome synthesis

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55
Q

happens in exponential phase

A

primary metabolism

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56
Q

happens in stationary phase

A

secondary metabolism
weird things
antibiotic resistance, pigments, HGT

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57
Q

MSCRAMM

A

microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules

attachment mechanism

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58
Q

happens in death phase

A

endogenous respiration (cannibals)

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59
Q

infection stages of growth

A

exposure
attachment
colonization
persistence
spread

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60
Q

mode of life in environment pre-infection

A

stationary/poststationary
lack of nutrients, no adhesion sites, noxious substances, dryness, heat, light

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61
Q

bacteria inactive states

A

endospores
elementary bodies
myxospores
ultra-micro

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62
Q

safe havens for bacteria

A

reservoirs

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63
Q

biofilm begins with…

A

adhesion through glycocalyx and fimbriae

64
Q

how does biofilm spread

A

planktonic bacteria

65
Q

biofilms protect against…

A

antibiotics
phagocytosis

66
Q

favorite biofilm locations for P. aeruginosa
problem for who?

A

mucosal surfaces, resp tract
CF patients with thick mucus
burn wound victims

67
Q

poses similar problem to P. aeruginosa

A

Burkholderia cepacia

68
Q

biofilm on teeth
organism
substance

A

Streptococcus
sucrose dextran glycocalyx

69
Q

biofilm that is starved leads to…

A

fruiting body
spores
germination

70
Q

recognizes flagellin
type of antigen

A

TLR5
H antigen

71
Q

energy for flagella

A

proton gradient

72
Q

shift between 2 versions of flagellin

A

Salmonella

73
Q

peritrichous flagella allows…
ex)

A

swarming, moving over surfaces
Proteus

74
Q

has dual systems of flagella used at different times

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

75
Q

flagella in the periplasm constrained at both ends, allowing spirochete movement

A

endoflagella

76
Q

monotrichous
lophotrichous
amphitrichous
peritrichous

A

one
many at one end
one on each end
all over

77
Q

mucinase

A

degrades mucin

78
Q

sIgA proteases

A

ruin IgA traps

79
Q

allows H. pylori to penetrate mucin layer of stomach

A

helical shape, flagella

80
Q

factor H

A

recruitment in capsule leads to complement degradation

81
Q

organism that has many ways to “look like host”

82
Q

“look like the host” factors (6)

A

sialic acids
hyaluronic acids
fibronectin-binding protein
collagen-binding protein
clumping factor (binds fibrinogen)
coagulase (precipitates fibrin)

83
Q

protein A

A

binds Fc, deflecting antibody away

84
Q

protections against defensins (3)

A

capsules
LPS (neg charge binds pos charged defensins)
peptidases (defensin-resistanct bac)

85
Q

has proteins to break down host iron-binding molecules

86
Q

2 classes of siderophores

A

catechol/enterobacin
hydroxamate/anguibactin

87
Q

——- chemistry used by siderophores

A

coordination

88
Q

cheaters for iron acquisition

A

don’t make their own siderophores, but have uptake proteins for others’

89
Q

GP iron carriers besides siderophores

A

staphyloferrins A & B
heme

90
Q

GP system allowing siderophores inside

91
Q

GN system allowing siderophores inside

A

ABC system

92
Q

uses iron abstinence
substitute?

A

Borrelia
manganese

93
Q

proteins in pili

94
Q

on pili tip

95
Q

pili ligands
highly ————–
how can they be deduced?

A

usually glycoproteins/lipids
conserved
competition assay - if mannose is critical, pili bind to mannose instead of cells

96
Q

tropism

A

specificity of binding determines which tissues will be infected

97
Q

GPs with pili (6)

A

S. salivarius
S. gordonii
S. oralis
S. mutans
Corynybacterium
Actinomycies

98
Q

type 1 pili
hemagglutination?
mannose?
genes?

A

yes
sensitive
fim, pap, pil

99
Q

type 2 pili
hemagglutination?
gene?
binds to?
unique?

A

no
cbIA
mucin, epithelials, lung cells
binding motif is all along length

100
Q

type of pili in Burk biofilms

101
Q

type 3 pili
mannose?
organisms?

A

resistant
E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella

102
Q

contribute to biofilms on catheters

A

type 3 pili

103
Q

potential target of pilicides

A

type. 3pili

104
Q

type 4 pili
arrangement?
assembly?
organisms?
unique?

A

bundles, polar
T2SS
GNs (Neisseria, Pasteurella, Dichelobacter, Moraxella, Aggregatibacter, Pseudomonas)
involved in DNA uptake, Haemophilus

105
Q

pili that give motility

106
Q

type 5 pili
assembly?
mannose?
organisms?

A

external
sensitive
E coli

107
Q

system used to assemble type 1 pili

A

chaperone-usher system

108
Q

SecAB

A

chaperone-usher
carries unfolded polypeptides across membrane

109
Q

FimC/PapD

A

chaperone usher
fold and protect proteins

110
Q

FimD/PapC

A

chaperone usher
usher proteins - seat subunits

111
Q

FimA

A

chaperone usher
main pilus protein, makes body

112
Q

PapH

A

chaperone usher
termination protein

113
Q

SecYEG

A

curli
carries polypeptides across membrane

114
Q

CsgC

A

curli
chaperone - protects proteins

115
Q

CsgE

A

curli
processes proteins from CsgC

116
Q

CsgG/CsgF

A

curli
allows subunits to cross outer membrane

117
Q

CsgA/CsgB
shape

A

curli
main body proteins
folding beta sheet nature

118
Q

CsgD

A

curli
transcriptional activator, turns on BAC

119
Q

sortase

A

GP external assembly
anchor molecule, carries pili subunits to membrane

120
Q

GP external assembly orientation of pilus proteins

A

N’ at tip

121
Q

in GPs, pilus is anchored to…

A

peptidoglycan

122
Q

G– have nonfimbrial proteins

123
Q

nonfimbrial proteins attach to…

A

protiens (fibronectin, collagen, fibrinogen, vitronectin, laminin, bone slaloprotein, elastin, thrombspondin)

124
Q

M protein

A

S. pyogenes
attaches to fibronectin in larynx

125
Q

afimbrial adhesins bind…

A

integins. and cadherins between epithelial cells

126
Q

allows host and afimbrial adhesins to attach
pathogen

A

highly conserved RGD sequences
Yersinia

127
Q

InlA
InlB

A

Listeria internalins
mediate invasion
A binds E-caherin, B binds HGF-SF/C1q receptor

128
Q

serum resistant

A

complement in blood fails to degrade bacteria

129
Q

methods for complement evasion

A

capsules
LPS mods

130
Q

capules to complement

A

Prevent alternative C3 convertase (C3bBb) from forming by either reducing attachment factor B or recruiting factor H, which destroys C3b (along with factor I)

prevents classical convertase C4bC2a from forming because it prevents diffusion of IgG (necessary for classical convertase)

131
Q

capsules with hyaluronic acid

A

S. pyogenes

132
Q

capsules with sialic acid

A

N. meningitidis

133
Q

O-LPS mod allowing. itto evade MBL pathway

A

sialic acid instead of mannose

134
Q

O-LPS mod that reduces killing by MAC

A

super long

135
Q

when is baby vulnerable to meningitis

A

after 5 months, before 12 months

136
Q

vaxx for college students against meningitis

137
Q

threat of meningitis

A

lipid A
inflammation in meninges

138
Q

invasin/internalin action

A

promote rearrangement of actin filaments

A pocket forms, and bacteria can be taken into host cell, allowing it to evade the immune system

139
Q

invasin first demonstrated in…

A

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

140
Q

SOD pathogen

A

S. enterica Typhimurium

141
Q

flavohemoglobin

A

defends nitric oxide attack
E. coli

142
Q

Mip

A

Legionella invasin
causes coiling phagocytosis
RER around vacuole prevents fusion

143
Q

ruffles on surface via actin rearrangement

A

Salmonella enterica
no phagolysosomal fusion

144
Q

M. tuberculosis uses what ligand to enter cell

A

C3 receptor

145
Q

TACO

A

M. tuberculosis
surface of phagosome
prevents fusion

146
Q

interleukin suppressed by M tuberculosis

A

IL-12
Th1 mediated killing

147
Q

LLO

A

Listeria, hly gene
listeriolysin
pores in phagosome membrane
functions at 5.5 pH

148
Q

SLO

A

S. pyogenes streptolysin

149
Q

PLO

A

S. pneumoniae
pneumolysin

150
Q

PFO

A

Clostridium perfringens
perfringolysin

151
Q

cell to cell movement organisms (3)

A

Listeria, Shigella flexneri, Rickettsia rickettsii

152
Q

ActA

A

recruits actin, pushing the bacterium forward as they are inserted

153
Q

free themselves from netosis

154
Q

spreading factors

A

collagenase
elastase
hyaluronidase

155
Q

streptokinase

A

S. pyogenes
dissolves fibrin clots by activating plasminogen to plasmin

this allows the bacteria to spread, even into the bloodstream

BI543—Pathogenic Microbiology (10 decks)

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