Exam 4

Question 1

C. diph grows on…

Answer 1

blood
Loeffler slant

Question 2

C. diph shows blackening with…

Answer 2

tellurite

Question 3

C diph characteristics

Answer 3

GP
rod/club
non-spore

Question 4

Pleimorphic

Answer 4

take V/L/Y-shaped arrangements of 2 bacteria or more

Question 5

pleimorphic bacteria

Answer 5

C. diph

Question 6

granules unique to C diph

Answer 6

Metachromatic (volutin) granules

stores of polyphosphage (excess phosphorus)

bluish/brownish lumps

Question 7

staining used for C diph

Answer 7

albert staining

Question 8

Loeffler grows…
contains….

Answer 8

C. diph
protein and fat

Question 9

diphtheria transmitted by…

Answer 9

aerosol droplet

Question 10

diphtheria presentation

Answer 10

malaise, low-grade fever, sore throat, loss of appetite

Pseudomembrane

Question 11

pseudomembrane

Answer 11

buildup of fibrin, bacteria, and dead WBCs - forms in back of throat - cannot be scraped away, embedded in tissue

Question 12

diphtheria vaccine contains…

Answer 12

Vaccine consists of heat-treated B fragment toxoid

Question 13

necessary to make DT

Answer 13

lysogenization with corynebacteriophage

Question 14

genome for C diph normally contains a —— that blocks —–

Answer 14

normally produces a DtxR regulator that blocks the toxin gene tox

Question 15

iron involvement in DT

Answer 15

Iron is a corepressor - when present, it binds apo-DtxR, which sits on operator for tox

if Iron is absent, DT is made

Question 16

DT:

———- of component — binds ——-, which is found on many tissues, including heart and nervous

triggers……

Answer 16

Domain R of component B binds Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor (HB-EGF), which is found on many tissues, including heart and nervous - triggers uptake via endosomification

Question 17

DT:

Upon acidification of the endosome, the ——– of component — triggers insertion of toxin through endosomal membrane

disulfide bridge is reduced, and component —- is released

Answer 17

Upon acidification of the endosome, the T domain of component B triggers insertion of toxin through endosomal membrane - disulfide bridge is reduced, and component A is released

Question 18

action of DT

Answer 18

DT acts by ADP-ribosylation of Elongation Factor 2 (EF-2)

adenine from NAD+ is attached to residue

this inactivates EF-2, and if enough are inactivated, protein synthesis stops, and the cell dies

Question 19

special amino acid involved in DT

Answer 19

diphthamide
modified histidine

Question 20

C. bot grows on…

Answer 20

Willis-hobbs medium

includes peptone, meat extract, lactose, egg yolk, skim milk

Question 21

C. bot characteristics

Answer 21

GP, spore-forming, rod-shaped

tennis-racket shape caused by spores

Question 22

staining for C. bot

Answer 22

Endospores are stained with malachite green, and vegatative cells stain with safranin

Question 23

C. bot causes…..
not infection

Answer 23

intoxication

Question 24

inactivates BoNT

Answer 24

heat

Question 25

BoNT attacks....

Answer 25

attacks neuromuscular junctions and autonomic synapses

Question 26

botulism presentation

Answer 26

generalized flaccid paralysis, n/v, double vision, h/a, slurred speech

Question 27

tx for botulism

Answer 27

neutralizing antitoxin administered quickly

Question 28

explain infant botulism

Answer 28

microbiota can't outcompete C. bot spores from honey germinate in LI paralytic sx, constipation tx is baby immunoglobulin

Question 29

explain wound botulism

Answer 29

Killer of soldiers Anaerobic pockets in deep wounds Spores germinate, and toxin enters bloodstream Encourage bleeding in deep/puncture wounds to wash out spores

Question 30

present on ACh vesicles in axon terminal

Answer 30

synaptotagmin (syt) synaptobrevin (VAMP)

Question 31

anchor ACh vesicle to the membrane at the axon terminal

Answer 31

Syntaxin SNAP25 complexin

Question 32

----- part of BoNT makes it into bloodstream

Answer 32

derivative

Question 33

light chains of BoNT are -----------, which degrade....

Answer 33

metalloproteinases VAMP, syntaxin, and SNAP25

Question 34

ultimate effect of BoNT on NMJ

Answer 34

prevention of ACh release

Question 35

C. tet characteristics

Answer 35

GP, spore-forming, rod-shaped

Question 36

C. tet causes (infection/intoxication)

Answer 36

infection high doses of TeNT

Question 37

C. tet transmission

Answer 37

deep puncture wounds anoxic pockets in flesh

Question 38

in common between BoNT and TeNT

Answer 38

Both code for zinc-requiring endopeptidases Both cleave VAMP

Question 39

location of effects of TeNT in high doses

Answer 39

CNS affects inhibitory neurons

Question 40

ultimate effect of TeNT on NMJ

Answer 40

blocks release of glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid