Exam 5

Question 1

the period between a learning experience and its recall

Answer 1

retention interval

Question 2

memory for events following a retention interval shorter than one minute, often a matter of seconds

Answer 2

short-term memory

Question 3

memory for events following a retention interval longer than one minute and sometimes many years

Answer 3

long-term memory

Question 4

deals with information that can be declared, or expressed, usually in words

Answer 4

declarative memory

Question 5

memory that includes facts and knowledge

Answer 5

declarative memory

Question 6

Declarative knowledge is also sometimes called ______ knowledge

Answer 6

explicit

Question 7

2 types of declarative memories:

Answer 7

semantic and episodic

Question 8

“knowledge of the world”

Answer 8

semantic memory

Question 9

memory for information about the world

Answer 9

semantic memory

Question 10

memory for personally experienced events (also called autobiographical memory)

Answer 10

episodic memory

Question 11

______ memories happen to you, while semantic memories happen to others

Answer 11

episodic

Question 12

memory that cannot be declared or expressed in words

Answer 12

nondeclarative memory

Question 13

2 types of nondeclarative memory

Answer 13

Pavlovian conditioning and procedural

Question 14

Memory for procedures. Involves knowing how.

Answer 14

procedural memory

Question 15

_______ behavior is not inherited

Answer 15

learned

Question 16

Gardner and Gardner showed that the failure of chimpanzees to learn to speak may be due more to differences in _______ than in learning ability.

Answer 16

anatomy

Question 17

_______ believed that physical characteristics were acquired adaptations that were passed on from generation to generation

Answer 17

Lamarck

Question 18

The theories of Lamark and Darwin both assume that species evolve as a result of the influence of the __________

Answer 18

environment

Question 19

The environment may limit learning ability and therefore what we learn by damaging the:

Answer 19

nervous system

Question 20

Substances that damage neural tissues are called _____

Answer 20

neurotoxins

Question 21

stages for optimal learning

Answer 21

critical periods

Question 22

the tendency of some animals, particularly birds, to follow the first moving object they see after birth, usually their mother

Answer 22

imprinting

Question 23

What scientists used terry cloth-covered surrogate mothers for chimpanzees to imprint on?

Answer 23

Harlow and Harlow

Question 24

The Brelands showed that ______ might facilitate learning in one situation and inhibit in another.

Answer 24

heredity

Question 25

the tendency of an animal to revert to a fixed action pattern

Answer 25

instinctive drift

Question 26

an animal comes to a learning situation genetically prepared to learn (in which case learning proceeds quickly), unprepared (in which case learning proceeds steadily but more slowly), or contraprepared (in which case the course of learning is slow and irregular)

Answer 26

continuum of preparedness

Question 27

the variable that is manipulated by the researcher

Answer 27

independent variable

Question 28

the variable that is measured by the researcher

Answer 28

dependent variable

Question 29

What an individual can learn to do is limited by

Answer 29

what it is physically capable of doing

Question 30

Who taught Washoe, a young chimpanzee, how to use sign language?

Answer 30

The Gardners

Question 31

By the age of 2, Washoe knew over 30 signs and by the age of 7, ____ signs

Answer 31

200

Question 32

Who is credited with the first theory of evolution?

Answer 32

Lamarck

Question 33

British psychologist ________ adopted a Lamarckian view of learned behavior

Answer 33

William McDougal

Question 34

Who compared the problem solving abilities of wolves and dogs?

Answer 34

Harry and Martha Frank

Question 35

_______ demonstrated that there are differences in learning abilities of individuals within a given species, and these differences are also partly due to heredity by breeding rats who made the fewest errors with each other and those who made the most errors with each other. The gap between performance increased with each generation.

Answer 35

Robert Tyron

Question 36

Parental exposure to ____ and other drugs can interfere with neurological development.

Answer 36

alcohol

Question 37

Head injury (Traumatic Brain Injury-TBI) can diminish _____

Answer 37

learning ability

Question 38

Konrad Lorenz was one of the first to study:

Answer 38

imprinting

Question 39

______ proposed that humans are prepared to acquire certain fears

Answer 39

Seligman

Question 40

deterioration in learned behavior following a period without practice

Answer 40

forgetting

Question 41

improvement in performance following a retention interval

Answer 41

reminiscence

Question 42

a way of measuring forgetting in which the individual is given the opportunity to perform a previously learned behavior following a retention interval

Answer 42

free recall

Question 43

a way of measuring learning in which hints or prompts are presented to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be produced

Answer 43

prompted or cued recall

Question 44

measures forgetting in terms of the amount of training required to reach the previous level of performance (if it took fewer trials to learn a list the second time, the savings provided a measure of forgetting–the greater the savings, the less the forgetting)

Answer 44

relearning (savings) method

Question 45

The relearning method is also called the ______ method.

Answer 45

savings

Question 46

a way of measuring learning where the participant only has to identify the material previously learned

Answer 46

recognition

Question 47

a method of measuring forgetting in which the opportunity to match a sample follows a retention interval

Answer 47

delayed matching to sample (DMTS)

Question 48

a method of measuring forgetting by comparing the rate of extinction after a retention interval with the rate of extinction immediately after training

Answer 48

extinction method

Question 49

a method of measuring forgetting in which a behavior is tested for generalization before and after a retention interval

Answer 49

gradient degradation—a flattening of the generalization gradient indicates forgetting

Question 50

______ interference is when we forget something that we recently learned because a previous memory is befuddling our memory.

Answer 50

Proactive

Question 51

______ interference is when we forget something we learned in the past because a more recent memory is interfering with the effort.

Answer 51

Retroactive

Question 52

the continuation of training beyond the point required to produce one errorless performance

Answer 52

overlearning

Question 53

number of correct responses per minute

Answer 53

fluency

Question 54

a learning task involving pairs of words or other stimuli in which the subject is presented wit the first item of a pair and is expected to produce the second item

Answer 54

paired associate learning

Question 55

Thune and Underwood used the ______ method of studying forgetting.

Answer 55

relearning/savings

Question 56

forgetting that results from the absence of cues that were present during training

Answer 56

cued-dependent forgetting

Question 57

Loftus found that use of the word _____ resulted in higher estimates of car speed than use of the word hit.

Answer 57

smashed

Question 58

any device for aiding recall

Answer 58

mnemonic

Question 59

any of several systems for aiding recall, including the method of loci and the peg word system

Answer 59

mnemonic system

Question 60

a mnemonic system in which each item to be recalled is “placed” in a distinctive spot in an imagined scene such as walking a path

Answer 60

method of loci

Question 61

a mnemonic system in which each of the first n integers is associated with a particular image (a “peg”), and each item to be recalled is “placed” on a peg

Answer 61

peg word system