Exam 4 Re-Do

Question 1

One idea for preventing learned helplessness is _____ training.

Answer 1

immunization

Question 2

Your text describes the use of ____ to get a bull elephant to cooperate with having his feet trimmed.

Answer 2

shaping

Question 3

Charles Madsen and his colleagues asked a teacher to _____. This change in teacher behavior produced a marked reduction in misconduct.

Answer 3

ignore misbehavior and praise students when they behaved well

Question 4

Martin Seligman has argued that learned helplessness can provide a model for _____.

Answer 4

depression

Question 5

Brad Alford’s study of the man who thought he was followed by a witch is an example of _______.

Answer 5

an ABA design experiment

Question 6

Willpower is not a good explanation of behavior because _______.

Answer 6

the evidence for willpower is usually the behavior it is supposed to explain

Question 7

The story of Ulysses and the Sirens illustrates the self-control technique known as _____.

Answer 7

physical restraint

Question 8

Each of the following is a self-control technique except _______.

Answer 8

distortion

Question 9

Punishers are defined by _____.

Answer 9

their effects on behavior

Question 10

In Mary Boyle’s work with coma victims, the reinforcer was _____.

Answer 10

music

Question 11

Of the following procedures, the one that reinforces behavior that cannot be performed at the same time as the unwanted behavior is ______.

Answer 11

DRI

Question 12

When disciplining their son, Jacob, Mr. and Mrs. Grinch begin with an extremely mild form of punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offenses continue. This procedure is likely to result in ______.

Answer 12

the use of excessively strong aversives

Question 13

Farmer Gable had a problem with motorcyclists riding across his meadow land, tearing up sod and frightening his cattle. He installed barbed wire fencing in the area and no longer had a problem. Gable’s approach is best described as an example of _____.

Answer 13

response prevention

Question 14

Herrnstein proposed that once a superstitious behavior occurs, it may be maintained by _______.

Answer 14

adventitious reinforcement

Question 15

Studies of learned helplessness use the ____ procedure.

Answer 15

escape training

Question 16

William Verplanck’s work on the reinforcement of verbal behavior showed that _____.

Answer 16

what people say depends in part on the reactions of other people to what is said

Question 17

Differential reinforcement is best used in combination with ______.

Answer 17

extinction

Question 18

Each time Charles, who has a lisp, says “Mithithippi” or the like, his wife, Evelyn, yells, “Idiot!” However, there is no evidence that Evelyn’s efforts reduce the frequency of such mispronunciations have been effective. We can therefore conclude that ____.

Answer 18

Charles’ behavior has not been punished

Question 19

Some studies show that offering rewards reduces creativity. Research by Robert Eisenberger and others suggests that this is because in these studies _____.

Answer 19

the rewards were not contingent on creative behavior

Question 20

Hopkins and Conard found that when teachers made a few simple changes in how they taught, changes that included a shift from punishment to positive reinforcement, students advanced at _____ the normal rate in reading.

Answer 20

more than twice

Question 21

David Camp and colleagues found that, compared to a two-second delay in punishment, a 30-second delay resulted in ____.

Answer 21

about half as much response suppression

Question 22

John gives his dog, Alfie, a bit of food whenever it goes 30 seconds without barking. Gradually, John increases the amount of quiet time required to earn food until finally the dog will go for hours without a yap. The procedure John used is best described as ______.

Answer 22

differential reinforcement of zero responding

Question 23

The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that _____.

Answer 23

something is added

Question 24

The one-process theory of punishment goes back to ______.

Answer 24

Thorndike

Question 25

Lying is probably often the result of ______.

Answer 25

negative reinforcement

Question 26

In his experiments on verbal behavior, William Verplanck reinforced expressions of opinion using ____ as reinforcers.

Answer 26

paraphrases and expressions of agreement

Question 27

In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often _____.

Answer 27

effective

Question 28

If a rat receives a shock each time it presses a lever, but not otherwise, we can say that ____.

Answer 28

shock is contingent on lever pressing

Question 29

Negative punishment is also sometimes called _____training.

Answer 29

penalty

Question 30

Generally speaking, the more intense a punisher, the ______.

Answer 30

more it suppresses behavior

Question 31

The correct term for a stimulus that acts as a punisher is _____.

Answer 31

aversive

Question 32

John gets into fights on a regular basis, always with formidable opponents. He has often been injured in these fights and knows that he runs the risk of sustaining serious brain damage or other permanent injuries, yet he continues to fight. John is a very successful professional boxer. This example illustrates that bizarre behavior _____.

Answer 32

is less puzzling when the reinforcers maintaining it are known

Question 33

The two-process theory of punishment assumes that punishment involves ______.

Answer 33

Pavlovian and operant learning

Question 34

The first formal studies of punishment were probably done by _____.

Answer 34

Thorndike

Question 35

The purpose of Gordon Gallup’s mirror study was to determine whether chimps _____.

Answer 35

showed evidence of self-awareness

Question 36

Harriet hears a noise in the kitchen investigates. She finds the cookie jar in pieces on the floor and 5-year-old Willy standing nearby. Harriet knows what happened, but asks Willy anyway. Willy admits that he broke the jar while trying to get cookies. Harriet gives Willy a spanking. Willy is most likely to learn from this experience that ______.

Answer 36

it doesn’t pay to tell the truth

Question 37

In her work with porpoises, Karen Pryor gradually realized that what she had to do to get novel behavior from the animals was to ____.

Answer 37

reinforce novel behavior

Question 38

Insightful problem solving is best viewed as an example of _____.

Answer 38

operant learning

Question 39

Carr and McDowell found that Jim’s scratching was reinforced mainly by _____.

Answer 39

parental attention

Question 40

The opposite of learned helplessness is learned ______.

Answer 40

industriousness

Question 41

Positive punishment is most often confused with ______.

Answer 41

negative reinforcement

Question 42

The self-control technique of counting the number of times a behavior occurs is called ____.

Answer 42

monitoring

Question 43

Robert Epstein’s banana experiment demonstrated that insight _____.

Answer 43

depends on an organism’s learning history

Question 44

Any event that follows a behavior and makes that behavior less likely to occur is called a _____.

Answer 44

punisher

Question 45

One problem with extinction as a way of reducing the frequency of potentially harmful behavior is that ____.

Answer 45

the behavior on extinction sometimes increases at first

Question 46

A highly effective web-based instructional program designed to teach reading that makes use of reinforcement and shaping is called _____.

Answer 46

Headsprout

Question 47

Probably the best way of increasing the creativity of stores in an English class is to ____.

Answer 47

praise particularly original stories

Question 48

In the school year, 2004-2005, public school teachers or staff paddled ____.

Answer 48

more than 250,000 students

Question 49

All of the following enhance the effectiveness of punishment except _____.

Answer 49

increasing the reinforcer deprivation level

Question 50

Delaying delivery of a punisher is most likely to ______.

Answer 50

reduce its effectiveness