Exam 4 Re-Do Flashcards
One idea for preventing learned helplessness is _____ training.
immunization
Your text describes the use of ____ to get a bull elephant to cooperate with having his feet trimmed.
shaping
Charles Madsen and his colleagues asked a teacher to _____. This change in teacher behavior produced a marked reduction in misconduct.
ignore misbehavior and praise students when they behaved well
Martin Seligman has argued that learned helplessness can provide a model for _____.
depression
Brad Alford’s study of the man who thought he was followed by a witch is an example of _______.
an ABA design experiment
Willpower is not a good explanation of behavior because _______.
the evidence for willpower is usually the behavior it is supposed to explain
The story of Ulysses and the Sirens illustrates the self-control technique known as _____.
physical restraint
Each of the following is a self-control technique except _______.
distortion
Punishers are defined by _____.
their effects on behavior
In Mary Boyle’s work with coma victims, the reinforcer was _____.
music
Of the following procedures, the one that reinforces behavior that cannot be performed at the same time as the unwanted behavior is ______.
DRI
When disciplining their son, Jacob, Mr. and Mrs. Grinch begin with an extremely mild form of punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offenses continue. This procedure is likely to result in ______.
the use of excessively strong aversives
Farmer Gable had a problem with motorcyclists riding across his meadow land, tearing up sod and frightening his cattle. He installed barbed wire fencing in the area and no longer had a problem. Gable’s approach is best described as an example of _____.
response prevention
Herrnstein proposed that once a superstitious behavior occurs, it may be maintained by _______.
adventitious reinforcement
Studies of learned helplessness use the ____ procedure.
escape training
William Verplanck’s work on the reinforcement of verbal behavior showed that _____.
what people say depends in part on the reactions of other people to what is said
Differential reinforcement is best used in combination with ______.
extinction
Each time Charles, who has a lisp, says “Mithithippi” or the like, his wife, Evelyn, yells, “Idiot!” However, there is no evidence that Evelyn’s efforts reduce the frequency of such mispronunciations have been effective. We can therefore conclude that ____.
Charles’ behavior has not been punished
Some studies show that offering rewards reduces creativity. Research by Robert Eisenberger and others suggests that this is because in these studies _____.
the rewards were not contingent on creative behavior
Hopkins and Conard found that when teachers made a few simple changes in how they taught, changes that included a shift from punishment to positive reinforcement, students advanced at _____ the normal rate in reading.
more than twice
David Camp and colleagues found that, compared to a two-second delay in punishment, a 30-second delay resulted in ____.
about half as much response suppression
John gives his dog, Alfie, a bit of food whenever it goes 30 seconds without barking. Gradually, John increases the amount of quiet time required to earn food until finally the dog will go for hours without a yap. The procedure John used is best described as ______.
differential reinforcement of zero responding
The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that _____.
something is added
The one-process theory of punishment goes back to ______.
Thorndike
Lying is probably often the result of ______.
negative reinforcement
In his experiments on verbal behavior, William Verplanck reinforced expressions of opinion using ____ as reinforcers.
paraphrases and expressions of agreement
In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often _____.
effective
If a rat receives a shock each time it presses a lever, but not otherwise, we can say that ____.
shock is contingent on lever pressing
Negative punishment is also sometimes called _____training.
penalty
Generally speaking, the more intense a punisher, the ______.
more it suppresses behavior
The correct term for a stimulus that acts as a punisher is _____.
aversive
John gets into fights on a regular basis, always with formidable opponents. He has often been injured in these fights and knows that he runs the risk of sustaining serious brain damage or other permanent injuries, yet he continues to fight. John is a very successful professional boxer. This example illustrates that bizarre behavior _____.
is less puzzling when the reinforcers maintaining it are known
The two-process theory of punishment assumes that punishment involves ______.
Pavlovian and operant learning
The first formal studies of punishment were probably done by _____.
Thorndike
The purpose of Gordon Gallup’s mirror study was to determine whether chimps _____.
showed evidence of self-awareness
Harriet hears a noise in the kitchen investigates. She finds the cookie jar in pieces on the floor and 5-year-old Willy standing nearby. Harriet knows what happened, but asks Willy anyway. Willy admits that he broke the jar while trying to get cookies. Harriet gives Willy a spanking. Willy is most likely to learn from this experience that ______.
it doesn’t pay to tell the truth
In her work with porpoises, Karen Pryor gradually realized that what she had to do to get novel behavior from the animals was to ____.
reinforce novel behavior
Insightful problem solving is best viewed as an example of _____.
operant learning
Carr and McDowell found that Jim’s scratching was reinforced mainly by _____.
parental attention
The opposite of learned helplessness is learned ______.
industriousness
Positive punishment is most often confused with ______.
negative reinforcement
The self-control technique of counting the number of times a behavior occurs is called ____.
monitoring
Robert Epstein’s banana experiment demonstrated that insight _____.
depends on an organism’s learning history
Any event that follows a behavior and makes that behavior less likely to occur is called a _____.
punisher
One problem with extinction as a way of reducing the frequency of potentially harmful behavior is that ____.
the behavior on extinction sometimes increases at first
A highly effective web-based instructional program designed to teach reading that makes use of reinforcement and shaping is called _____.
Headsprout
Probably the best way of increasing the creativity of stores in an English class is to ____.
praise particularly original stories
In the school year, 2004-2005, public school teachers or staff paddled ____.
more than 250,000 students
All of the following enhance the effectiveness of punishment except _____.
increasing the reinforcer deprivation level
Delaying delivery of a punisher is most likely to ______.
reduce its effectiveness
