Exam 2 Re-Do Flashcards
One way to determine if conditioning has occurred is to present the CS alone. Each such presentation is called a _____ trial.
test
What fascinated Pavlov most about his salivating dogs was that _____.
the dogs began to salivate before receiving food
If following conditioning, a CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the procedure is called ________.
extinction
Each time a buzzer sounds, a puff of air makes a rabbit blink. Soon the rabbit blinks when it hears the buzzer. George believes that this means the buzzer takes the place of the air puff. George is an advocate of _________.
stimulus substitution theory
Pavlov became interested in psychic reflexes around _____.
1900
The experiment in which a dog learned to salivate at the sight of a black square after it had been paired with a CS for salivating is an example of ______ conditioning.
higher-order
Blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies. This is an example of a ______ ______ _____.
conditioned taste aversion
An experimenter presents a flash of light and a bell simultaneously followed by food. Conditioning proceeds satisfactorily, but when the experimenter presents the light and the bell separately, he finds that the bell is an effective CS, but the light is not. The experimenter has demonstrated ______.
overshadowing
Shepard Siegel’s work suggests that some death attributed to ______ are actually the result of conditioning.
drug overdose
Pavlovian conditioning is also called _______ conditioning.
classical
The first person to use counterconditioning to treat a phobia was probably _____.
Mary Cover Jones
When exposure to a stimulus prior to pairing with a US interferes with conditioning, the phenomenon is called _________.
latent inhibition
Pavlov said that the salivary glands behaved as though they had _____.
intelligence
The phenomenon of ______ suggests that we should be more likely to develop aversions to novel foods than to familiar ones.
latent inhibition
A ______ stimulus is one that consists of two or more stimuli presented simultaneously.
compound
Pedophilia is sometimes treated with a form of counterconditioning called ________.
aversion therapy
The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert involved the procedure known as _______.
delayed conditioning
Braun and Geiselhart found that eyelid conditioning generally proceeded slowly with ______.
older adults
Two students, Edward and Edwina, serve as subjects in a conditioning experiment. The CS is a buzzer; the US is a mild electric shock; the UR is a change in electric conductivity called the Galvanic Skin Response. Both subjects undergo 50 trials, but the experimenter feels sorry for Edwina so periodically he lets her off without a shock. The results will indicate that ________.
the CR is stronger in Edward
Pavlov found that when he paired painful stimuli with food, the dog came to show no distress at the painful stimuli. This experiment may help explain _____ behavior in humans.
masochistic
The time between conditioning trials is called the ______.
inter-trial interval
In Pavlovian conditioning, contiguity usually refers to the _________.
time between CS and US
Pavlov called reflexes present at birth _______.
unconditional
Garcia’s first experiment on taste aversion was unusual in that the _______.
interval between CS and US was several minutes
In general, the more intense a US, the ________.
faster conditioning proceeds
The term used to refer to sexual behavior disapproved of by society is _______.
paraphilias
The rate of conditioning is affected by the degree to which the US is _______ the occurrence of the CS.
contingent on
In so far as the rate of learning is concerned, the most important pairings of the CS and US are those that come:
at the beginning of training
Which theory of conditioning proposes that there is a limited amount of conditioning that can occur and that each successive pairing leads to less learning?
Rescorla-Wagner model
Recent research suggests that poor conditioning in elderly people may signal the early stages of ______.
dementia
Barry Maletzky treated exhibitionists by having them imagine that they were about to perform the inappropriate behavior, and the ______.
exposing them to an unpleasant odor
In treating Peter’s fear of rabbits, Jones used a procedure called _______.
counterconditioning
The least effective conditioning procedure is ________.
backward
The researcher who might have become known as the American Pavlov was:
Edwin Twitmyer
Spontaneous recovery is associated with _______.
extinction
Little Albert has grown up and sees a therapist for treatment of his fear of laboratory rats and other white, furry things. The therapist is most likely to treat him by repeatedly pairing a piece of white fur with a _______.
short piece of Albert’s favorite music
If a person sneezes after coming close to a realistic-looking artificial flower, you can be pretty sure that he or she is:
allergic to pollen
The studies of Carolyn and Arthur Staats demonstrating that words paired with pleasant words become pleasant are examples of _________.
higher-order conditioning
Higher-order conditioning is probably most important to ______.
humans
