Exam 2 Re-Do

Question 1

One way to determine if conditioning has occurred is to present the CS alone. Each such presentation is called a _____ trial.

Answer 1

test

Question 2

What fascinated Pavlov most about his salivating dogs was that _____.

Answer 2

the dogs began to salivate before receiving food

Question 3

If following conditioning, a CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the procedure is called ________.

Answer 3

extinction

Question 4

Each time a buzzer sounds, a puff of air makes a rabbit blink. Soon the rabbit blinks when it hears the buzzer. George believes that this means the buzzer takes the place of the air puff. George is an advocate of _________.

Answer 4

stimulus substitution theory

Question 5

Pavlov became interested in psychic reflexes around _____.

Answer 5

1900

Question 6

The experiment in which a dog learned to salivate at the sight of a black square after it had been paired with a CS for salivating is an example of ______ conditioning.

Answer 6

higher-order

Question 7

Blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies. This is an example of a ______ ______ _____.

Answer 7

conditioned taste aversion

Question 8

An experimenter presents a flash of light and a bell simultaneously followed by food. Conditioning proceeds satisfactorily, but when the experimenter presents the light and the bell separately, he finds that the bell is an effective CS, but the light is not. The experimenter has demonstrated ______.

Answer 8

overshadowing

Question 9

Shepard Siegel’s work suggests that some death attributed to ______ are actually the result of conditioning.

Answer 9

drug overdose

Question 10

Pavlovian conditioning is also called _______ conditioning.

Answer 10

classical

Question 11

The first person to use counterconditioning to treat a phobia was probably _____.

Answer 11

Mary Cover Jones

Question 12

When exposure to a stimulus prior to pairing with a US interferes with conditioning, the phenomenon is called _________.

Answer 12

latent inhibition

Question 13

Pavlov said that the salivary glands behaved as though they had _____.

Answer 13

intelligence

Question 14

The phenomenon of ______ suggests that we should be more likely to develop aversions to novel foods than to familiar ones.

Answer 14

latent inhibition

Question 15

A ______ stimulus is one that consists of two or more stimuli presented simultaneously.

Answer 15

compound

Question 16

Pedophilia is sometimes treated with a form of counterconditioning called ________.

Answer 16

aversion therapy

Question 17

The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert involved the procedure known as _______.

Answer 17

delayed conditioning

Question 18

Braun and Geiselhart found that eyelid conditioning generally proceeded slowly with ______.

Answer 18

older adults

Question 19

Two students, Edward and Edwina, serve as subjects in a conditioning experiment. The CS is a buzzer; the US is a mild electric shock; the UR is a change in electric conductivity called the Galvanic Skin Response. Both subjects undergo 50 trials, but the experimenter feels sorry for Edwina so periodically he lets her off without a shock. The results will indicate that ________.

Answer 19

the CR is stronger in Edward

Question 20

Pavlov found that when he paired painful stimuli with food, the dog came to show no distress at the painful stimuli. This experiment may help explain _____ behavior in humans.

Answer 20

masochistic

Question 21

The time between conditioning trials is called the ______.

Answer 21

inter-trial interval

Question 22

In Pavlovian conditioning, contiguity usually refers to the _________.

Answer 22

time between CS and US

Question 23

Pavlov called reflexes present at birth _______.

Answer 23

unconditional

Question 24

Garcia’s first experiment on taste aversion was unusual in that the _______.

Answer 24

interval between CS and US was several minutes

Question 25

In general, the more intense a US, the ________.

Answer 25

faster conditioning proceeds

Question 26

The term used to refer to sexual behavior disapproved of by society is _______.

Answer 26

paraphilias

Question 27

The rate of conditioning is affected by the degree to which the US is _______ the occurrence of the CS.

Answer 27

contingent on

Question 28

In so far as the rate of learning is concerned, the most important pairings of the CS and US are those that come:

Answer 28

at the beginning of training

Question 29

Which theory of conditioning proposes that there is a limited amount of conditioning that can occur and that each successive pairing leads to less learning?

Answer 29

Rescorla-Wagner model

Question 30

Recent research suggests that poor conditioning in elderly people may signal the early stages of ______.

Answer 30

dementia

Question 31

Barry Maletzky treated exhibitionists by having them imagine that they were about to perform the inappropriate behavior, and the ______.

Answer 31

exposing them to an unpleasant odor

Question 32

In treating Peter’s fear of rabbits, Jones used a procedure called _______.

Answer 32

counterconditioning

Question 33

The least effective conditioning procedure is ________.

Answer 33

backward

Question 34

The researcher who might have become known as the American Pavlov was:

Answer 34

Edwin Twitmyer

Question 35

Spontaneous recovery is associated with _______.

Answer 35

extinction

Question 36

Little Albert has grown up and sees a therapist for treatment of his fear of laboratory rats and other white, furry things. The therapist is most likely to treat him by repeatedly pairing a piece of white fur with a _______.

Answer 36

short piece of Albert’s favorite music

Question 37

If a person sneezes after coming close to a realistic-looking artificial flower, you can be pretty sure that he or she is:

Answer 37

allergic to pollen

Question 38

The studies of Carolyn and Arthur Staats demonstrating that words paired with pleasant words become pleasant are examples of _________.

Answer 38

higher-order conditioning

Question 39

Higher-order conditioning is probably most important to ______.

Answer 39

humans