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Tri 3 - Gross Anatomy II > Exam 4C > Flashcards

Exam 4C Flashcards

1
Q

cutaneous innervation of the sole of the foot

A

medial calcaneal branches of tibial nerve supply most of the heel
medial plantar nerve (terminal branch of tibial nerve): supplies medial ⅔ of sole of foot and medial 3½ toes
lateral plantar nerve (terminal branch of tibial nerve): supplies lateral ⅓ of sole of foot and lateral 1½ toes
small area along medial border of foot is supplied by saphenous nerve
small area of lateral heel and lateral border of foot is supplied by sural nerve (lateral calcaneal and lateral dorsal cutaneous branches)

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2
Q

plantar aponeurosis

A

attaches posteriorly to calcaneal tuberosity
distally, it divides into 5 digital bands, become continuous with fibrous flexor (digital) sheaths of corresponding toes
digital bands are connected to each other by transverse fibers at the level of metatarsal heads, superficial transverse metatarsal ligaments
functions: gives firm attachment to overlying skin, protects deeper structures (vessels, nerves, tendons, etc.), assists in maintaining longitudinal arches of foot

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3
Q

fibrous flexor sheaths

A

begin at level of metatarsal heads and extend to bases of distal phalanges
together with inferior surfaces of phalanges, interphalangeal joints and metatarsophalangeal joints, create osteofibrous tunnels on inferior (plantar) aspects of toes
osteofibrous tunnel of great toe contains tendon of flexor hallucis longus
osteofibrous tunnels of lateral 4 toes contain tendons of flexor digitorum longus and flexor digitorum brevis
within tunnels, tendons are surrounded by synovial sheaths

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4
Q

1st layer muscles of sole of foot

A

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi

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5
Q

2nd layer muscles of sole of foot

A

tendon of flexor hallucis longus
tendons of flexor digitorum longus
4 lumbricals
quadratus plantae

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6
Q

3rd layer muscles of sole of foot

A

flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevis

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7
Q

4th layer muscles of sole of foot

A

3 plantar interossei
4 dorsal interossei
tendon of fibularis longus
tendon of tibialis posterior

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8
Q

actions of the muscles of the sole of the foot

A

actions of muscles of sole of foot are not very important individually because fine control of individual toes is not important to most people
muscles of sole of foot function primarily as a group in posture and locomotion
help to maintain arches of foot, resist forces that tend to flatten arches of foot

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9
Q

adductor hallucis

A

most medially located in 1st layer

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10
Q

adductor hallucis origin

A

medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity

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11
Q

adductor hallucis insertion

A

medial side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe

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12
Q

adductor hallucis innervation

A

medial plantar nerve

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13
Q

adductor hallucis action

A

abduction of proximal phalanx of great toe

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14
Q

flexor digitorum brevis

A

central muscle of 1st layer, located immediately deep (superior) to plantar aponeurosis

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15
Q

flexor digitorum brevis origin

A

medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity

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16
Q

flexor digitorum brevis insertion

A

muscle belly gives rise to 4 tendons for lateral 4 toes; tendons split into 2 slips to allow passage of tendons of flexor digitorum longus; slips insert into sides of middle phalanges of lateral 4 toes (similar arrangement to flexor digitorum superficialis in hand)

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17
Q

flexor digitorum brevis innervation

A

medial plantar nerve

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18
Q

flexor digitorum brevis action

A

flexion of middle and proximal phalanges of lateral 4 toes

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19
Q

abductor digiti minimi

A

most laterally located in 1st layer

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20
Q

abductor digiti minimi origin

A

medial and lateral tubercles of calcaneal tuberosity

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21
Q

abductor digiti minimi insertion

A

lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe

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22
Q

abductor digiti minimi innervation

A

lateral plantar nerve

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23
Q

abductor digiti minimi action

A

abduction proximal phalanx of little toe

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24
Q

(4) lumbricals origin

A

tendons of flexor digitorum longus

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25
Q

lumbricals insertion

A

medial side of extensor expansions of lateral 4 toes

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26
Q

lumbricals innervation

A

1st lumbrical: medial plantar nerve;

2nd, 3rd and 4th lumbricals: lateral plantar nerve

27
Q

lumbricals action

A

flexion of metatarsophalangeal joints and extension of interphalangeal joints of lateral 4 toes

28
Q

quadrates plantae origin

flexor digitorum accessorius

A

by 2 heads from medial surface and lateral border of inferior (plantar) surface of calcaneus
Insertion:

29
Q

quadrates plantae insertion

A

posterolateral border of tendon of flexor digitorum longus

30
Q

quadrates plantae innervation

A

lateral plantar nerve

31
Q

quadrates plantae action

A

assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral 4 toes (straightens its line of pull/corrects for obliquity of tendon of flexor digitorum longus)

32
Q

flexor hallucis brevis origin

A

cuboid, lateral cuneiform and tendon of tibialis posterior

33
Q

flexor hallucis brevis insertion

A

distally, muscle belly divides into 2 heads (medial and lateral), insert into medial and lateral sides of base of proximal phalanx of great toe, there is a sesamoid bone within tendon of each head
tendon of flexor hallucis longus runs between medial and lateral heads of flexor hallucis brevis

34
Q

flexor hallucis brevis innervation

A

medial plantar nerve

35
Q

flexor hallucis brevis action

A

flexion of proximal phalanx of great toe

36
Q

adductor hallucis origin

A

oblique head: bases of 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsals

transverse head: plantar ligaments of 3rd, 4th and 5th metatarsophalangeal joints

37
Q

adductor hallucis insertion

A

lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe

38
Q

adductor hallucis innervation

A

lateral plantar nerve

39
Q

adductor hallucis action

A

adduction of proximal phalanx of great toe; assists in maintaining transverse arch of foot

40
Q

flexor digiti minimi brevis origin

A

base of 5th metatarsal

41
Q

flexor digiti minimi brevis insertion

A

lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe

42
Q

flexor digiti minimi brevis innervation

A

lateral plantar nerve

43
Q

flexor digiti minimi brevis action

A

flexion of proximal phalanx of little toe

44
Q

interossei

A

axis for abduction/adduction of toes passes through 2nd toe
plantar interossei: adductors of toes (PAD)
dorsal interossei: abductors of toes (DAB)
plantar and dorsal interossei also flex metatarsophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints

45
Q

plantar interossei (3)

A

Origin: 3rd, 4th and 5th metatarsals
Insertion: medial side of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd, 4th and 5th toes and their extensor expansions
Nerve supply: lateral plantar nerve

46
Q

dorsal interossei (4)

A

Origin: each dorsal interosseous originates by 2 heads from sides of 2 adjacent metatarsals
Insertion: 1st and 2nd  medial and lateral sides of base of proximal phalanx of 2nd toe; 3rd and 4th  lateral side of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd and 4th toes (all dorsal interossei also insert into extensor expansions of corresponding toes)
Nerve supply: lateral plantar nerve

47
Q

medial plantar artery

A

smaller terminal branch of posterior tibial artery
enters sole of foot deep to abductor hallucis muscle, runs anteriorly between abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis muscles (accompanied by medial plantar nerve), ends distally by supplying medial side of great toe
gives off numerous muscular and cutaneous branches along its course

48
Q

lateral plantar artery

A

larger terminal branch of posterior tibial artery
enters sole of foot deep to abductor hallucis muscle, runs anteriorly and laterally between flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus plantae muscles (along its course, it is accompanied by lateral plantar nerve)
at base of 5th metatarsal, it curves medially (passing deep to oblique head of adductor hallucis muscle) to form (deep) plantar arch
plantar arch terminates at proximal end of 1st interosseous (intermetatarsal) space (between 1st and 2nd metatarsals), where it anastomoses with deep plantar artery (branch of dorsalis pedis artery)

49
Q

lateral plantar artery branches

A

numerous muscular and cutaneous branches along its course
perforating branches: originate from (deep) plantar arch, pass dorsally, between metatarsals, to anastomose with dorsal metatarsal arteries (on dorsum of foot)
plantar metatarsal arteries: originate from (deep) plantar arch, run distally and give off plantar digital arteries that supply toes

50
Q

medial plantar nerve

A

terminal branch of tibial nerve
enters sole of foot deep to abductor hallucis muscle, runs anteriorly between abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis muscles (accompanied by medial plantar artery)
its distribution is similar to that of median nerve in hand

51
Q

medial plantar nerve muscular innervation

A

abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, 1st lumbrical and flexor hallucis brevis

52
Q

medial plantar nerve cutaneous innervation

A

medial ⅔ of sole of foot and plantar aspects of medial 3½ toes (also supplies nail beds and tips of corresponding toes)

53
Q

lateral plantar nerve

A

terminal branch of tibial nerve
enters sole of foot deep to abductor hallucis muscle, runs anteriorly and laterally between flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus plantae muscles (accompanied by lateral plantar artery), at base of 5th metatarsal, it divides into superficial and deep branches (deep branch accompanies [deep] plantar arch)
its distribution is similar to that of ulnar nerve in hand

54
Q

lateral plantar nerve muscular innervation

A

abductor digiti minimi, quadratus plantae, 2nd, 3rd and 4th lumbricals, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis and all plantar and dorsal interossei

55
Q

lateral plantar nerve cutaneous innervation

A

lateral ⅓ of sole of foot and plantar aspects of lateral 1½ toes (also supplies nail beds and tips of corresponding toes)

56
Q

cutaneous innervation of the dorsum of the foot

A

skin is thin, hairy and freely movable on underlying structures
superficial fibular nerve divides into medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous branches, supply dorsum of foot, medial side of great toe and adjacent sides of 2nd to 5th toes
medial branch of deep fibular nerve, supplies adjacent sides of great and 2nd toes
saphenous nerve, supplies skin along medial border of foot as far as ball of great toe (1st metatarsophalangeal joint)
sural nerve continues in foot as lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve, supplies skin along lateral border of foot and lateral aspect of little toe

57
Q

dorsal venous arch

A

lies in subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)
dorsal digital veins drain into dorsal metatarsal veins: dorsal metatarsal veins drain into dorsal venous arch
dorsal venous arch drains on medial side into great saphenous vein
dorsal venous arch drains on lateral side into small saphenous vein

58
Q

extensor digitorum brevis origin

A

anterior part of superior surface of calcaneus

59
Q

extensor digitorum brevis insertion

A

muscle belly gives rise to 4 tendons that pass anteriorly and medially over dorsum of foot, most medial tendon inserts into base of proximal phalanx of great toe (this tendon with its proximal muscle belly is sometimes considered a separate muscle, extensor hallucis brevis), lateral 3 tendons join tendons of extensor digitorum longus for 2nd, 3rd and 4th toes

60
Q

extensor digitorum brevis innervation

A

deep fibular nerve

61
Q

extensor digitorum brevis action

A

extension of proximal phalanx of great toe

assists extensor digitorum longus in extending 2nd to 4th toes

62
Q

dorsalis pedis artery

A

begins distal to ankle, as a continuation of anterior tibial artery
runs superficially on dorsum of foot, with medial branch of deep fibular nerve, between tendon of extensor hallucis longus (medial to artery) and tendons of extensor digitorum longus (lateral to artery); pulsations of artery can be felt in this location
terminates at proximal end of 1st interosseous (intermetatarsal) space (space between 1st and 2nd metatarsals) by dividing into 1st dorsal metatarsal artery and deep plantar artery

63
Q

dorsalis pedis artery branches

A

medial and lateral tarsal arteries
arcuate artery: runs laterally, deep to tendons of extensor digitorum longus and brevis, across bases of metatarsals, gives off 2nd to 4th dorsal metatarsal arteries, give rise to dorsal digital arteries for lateral part of 2nd toe and both sides of 3rd to 5th toes
1st dorsal metatarsal artery: gives off dorsal digital arteries for both sides of great toe and medial side of 2nd toe
deep plantar artery: passes inferiorly (into sole of foot) between 2 heads of 1st dorsal interosseous muscle, completes (deep) plantar arch on medial side

64
Q

deep fibular nerve

A

enters dorsum of foot on lateral side of dorsalis pedis artery, divides into medial and lateral branches
lateral branch: supplies extensor digitorum brevis
medial branch: supplies skin of adjacent sides of great toe and 2nd toe

Tri 3 - Gross Anatomy II (20 decks)

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