Exam 4: MNT for Pulmonary Disease

Question 1

the lung can …

• inhale ____
• exhale ____
• gas exchange takes place in the __________

Answer 1

• o2
• co2
• alveoli

Question 2

the functions of the pulmonary
system

3. 4.

Answer 2

gas exchange

acid base balance

blood pressure
or bp

immune defense

Question 3

Describe the functions of the pulmonary
system— gas exchange

Answer 3

inhale o2
exhale co2

Question 4

Describe the functions of the pulmonary
system— acid base balance

Answer 4

CO₂ combines with water in the blood to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), which dissociates into hydrogen ions (H⁺) and bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻).
Increased CO₂ levels lead to more H⁺ ions, lowering pH (making the blood more acidic).
Decreased CO₂ levels reduce H⁺ ions, raising pH (making the blood more alkaline).

Question 5

Describe the functions of the pulmonary
system— bp

Answer 5

The lungs play a key role in converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor that influences blood pressure

The lungs contain the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in their capillary endothelium.

ACE converts angiotensin I (produced in the liver) into angiotensin II.

Angiotensin II is a powerful substance that:
Causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), which increases blood pressure.
Stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands, leading to sodium and water retention, which also raises blood pressure.

Question 6

Describe the functions of the pulmonary
system— immune defense

Answer 6

Physical Barrier and Mucociliary Clearance:

The airways are lined with mucus that traps particles, bacteria, and other pathogens.
Cilia, hair-like structures in the respiratory epithelium, move mucus upward toward the pharynx, where it can be swallowed or expelled. This mechanism is called the mucociliary escalator and prevents pathogens from reaching the lower respiratory tract.

Question 7

what are the 2 diagnostic tests for lung fucntion

Answer 7

pulse oximetry

spirometry

Question 8

what is pulse oximetry

Answer 8

• oxygen saturation of arterial blood

Question 9

what is spirometry

Answer 9

• lung volume
• respiration rate

Question 10

Recognize the main nutrients that play a role in pulmonary function

1. 2.
   3.
   4.
   5.
   6.
   7.

Answer 10

protein
vitamin C
Fe
Ca
Mg
P
K

Question 11

Recognize the role of nutrition in pulmonary function— protein

Answer 11

• synthesis oxygen-carrying protein: hemoglobin

Question 12

Recognize the role of nutrition in pulmonary function — iron

Answer 12

• synthesis of oxygen-carrying protein: hemoglobin
• iron is a component of heme

Question 13

Recognize the role of nutrition in pulmonary function— calcium

Answer 13

• lung smooth muscle contraction and relaxation

Question 14

Recognize the role of nutrition in pulmonary function—-magnesium

Answer 14

• lung smooth muscle contraction and relaxation

Question 15

Recognize the role of nutrition in pulmonary function— phosphorus

Answer 15

• lung smooth muscle contraction and relaxation

Question 16

Recognize the role of nutrition in pulmonary function- vitamin C

Answer 16

collagen synthesis
collagen is main active tissue in lungs
antioxidant (particularly smokers)

Question 17

Recognize the role of nutrition in pulmonary function– potassium

Answer 17

• lung smooth muscle contraction and relaxation

Question 18

what are the adverse effects of lung disease on nutritional status?

1.
2.
3.

Answer 18

inc energy expenditure

reduced intake

additional limitations

Question 19

what are the adverse effects of lung disease on nutritional status—- increased energy expenditure

1. increased work of _______
2. chronic _________
3. ____________ treatments

Answer 19

breathing, infection, medical

Question 20

what are the adverse effects of lung disease on nutritional status—- reduced intake

1. fluid ______________
2. _____________ of breath
3. decreased _________ ___________ when eating
4. __________________ resulting from chronic __________
5. gastrointestinal ____________ and -_______________

Answer 20

restriction, shortness, oxygen saturation, anorexia and disease, distress and vomiting

Question 21

What are the adverse effects of lung disease on nutritional status—- additional limitations?

1. difficulty preparing ______ because of fatigue
2. ________ of financial resources
3. _______ feeding skills
4. altered ________
5. _______-________ interaction

Answer 21

food

lack

impaired

metabolism

food- drug

Question 22

Identify characteristics of asthma

Answer 22

characterized by inflammation of the airways, airflow obstruction, excessive mucous production

Question 23

t or f
asthma is the interaction between the environment and immunity

Answer 23

environment and GENETICS

Question 24

Identify symptoms of asthma

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 24

chest tightness
SOB
Wheezing
Coughing

Question 25

Describe the risk factors Asthma

Answer 25

- allergies - air pollution - tobacco smoke - small size at birth - respiratory infection - hygiene hypothesis - obesity - GERD - Breastfeeding reduces the risk

Question 26

Asthma can be triggered by dietary... 1. 2.

Answer 26

food allergies food additives

Question 27

Describe the treatment for asthma 1. 2.

Answer 27

Bronchodilators Corticosteroids

Question 28

Describe the medical nutrition therapy for asthma 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Answer 28

omega 3 antioxidants rich foods calcium and vit D ( if steroid) avoid dietary triggers treatment for GERD

Question 29

Identify characteristics of COPD characterized by _________ __________ and ____________ of the ______________

Answer 29

characterized by obstructed airflow and inflammation of the lungs

Question 30

T/F COPD is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. it includes bronchitis and emphysema

Answer 30

T

Question 31

Identify symptoms of COPD 1. chronic _________ 2. excessive ______/______ 3. _______ 4. shortness of _____ 5. _____ ______ 6. decreased _____ capacity

Answer 31

1. chronic _________ 2. excessive mucous/phlegm 3. wheezing 4. shortness of breath 5. chest tightness 6. decreased exercise capacity

Question 32

Describe the risk factors COPD

Answer 32

smoking air pollution occupational exposure

Question 33

Describe the treatment for COPD

Answer 33

- bronchodilators - corticosteroids

Question 34

Describe the medical nutrition therapy for COPD 1. 2. 3. 4.

Answer 34

* Anti-inflammatory/plant-based/Mediterranean style diet * Energy needs are individualized ⚬ Use indirect calorimetry if possible ⚬ Low BMI associated with increased mortality ⚬ Avoid overfeeding * Macronutrients ⚬ Protein: 1.2-1.5 g/kg/d ⚬ Fat: omega-3 fatty acids ⚬ Fluids: 30-35 ml/kcal/d ⚬ May need to restrict fluids and sodium if cor pulmonale * Micronutrients ⚬ Antioxidant-rich foods ⚬ Vitamin C ⚬ Calcium and vitamin D

Question 35

Identify characteristics of Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 35

⚬ Impaired transport of Cl, Na, and bicarbonate ⚬ Production of thick, viscous secretions in lungs and pancreas (among other organs) ⚬ Increased salt in sweat gland secretions ⚬ Cough, dyspnea, wheezing

Question 36

Identify symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 36

Cough, dyspnea, wheezing

Question 37

Identify complications of Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 37

⚬ Impaired growth ⚬ Recurrent lung infections ⚬ Pancreatic insufficiency ￭ Steatorrhea ⚬ Pancreatitis ⚬ CF-related diabetes ⚬ Bone disease

Question 38

Describe the risk factors Cystic Fibrosis

Question 39

Describe the treatment for Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 39

Antibiotics ⚬ Bronchodilators ⚬ Chest physiotherapy ⚬ Steroids ⚬ Lung transplant

Question 40

Describe the medical nutrition therapy for Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 40

* High-kcal, high-protein, high-fat diet * Fat-soluble vitamins * Zinc * Fluids and electrolytes ⚬ Salt * Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT)

Question 41

diagnosis cf

Answer 41

Prenatal screening ⚬ Newborn screening ⚬ Sweat chloride test

Question 42

Describe the medical nutrition therapy for Respiratory failure

Question 43

energy needs of a patient with pulmonary disease are usually higher than normal lower than normal same as normal affected by drug treatment

Answer 43

higher thannormal

Question 44

pulmonary aspiration leads to cystic fibrosis tuberculosis pneumonia cor pulmonale (enlargment of right ventricle)

Answer 44

pneumonia

Question 45

peopl ewith cystic fibrosis require higher than normal intakes of vit C ca fe na

Answer 45

Na in sweat