Exam 4 Material (Stress, anxiety, and mood disorders)

Question 1

What is the inappropriate expression of fear?

Answer 1

Anxiety

Question 2

What is the most common anti-anxiety drug?

Answer 2

Benzodiazepines

Question 3

What binds to the GABAa receptor, and facilitate the effects of GABA?

Answer 3

Benzodiazepines

Question 4

What has similar effects to benzodiazepines (enhances GABA effects)?

Answer 4

Alcohol

Question 5

What is the most common pharmaceutical treatment for anxiety?

Answer 5

Benzodiazepines

Question 6

What helps to mobilize energies to fight stressors?

Answer 6

Cortisol

Question 7

Where is cortisol released from?

Answer 7

Adrenal cortex (is stimulated by the ACTH)

Question 8

What is the dormant response to prolonged stressors?

Answer 8

HPA axis

Question 9

What brain area is harmed by prolonged exposure to cortisol/stress?

Answer 9

Hippocampus

Question 10

What occurs in some people after terrifying experiences and includes the following symptoms?:

• Frequent distressing recollections (i.e., flashbacks)
• Nightmares
• Avoidance of event reminders
• Exaggerated arousal in response to noises and other stimuli
• Victims have a smaller than average hippocampus
• The amygdala is essential for the extreme emotional impact that produces ______

Answer 10

PTSD

Question 11

What disorder implicates feeling sad and helplessness every day for weeks? Includes the following characteristics:

• Little energy
• Feelings of worthlessness
• Suicidal thoughts
• Feelings of hopelessness
• Difficulty sleeping
• Difficulty concentrating
• Little pleasure
• Females are more likely to have this disorder than males

Answer 11

Major depression

Question 12

How are genetics and stress related to depression?

Answer 12

Genes associated with depression also associated with anxiety disorders and other affect-related conditions.

Question 13

What is an electrically induced seizure that is used for the treatment of severe depression (for patients who have not responded to antidepressant medication or are suicidal)?

Answer 13

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Question 14

What is restless activity, excitement, laughter, self-confidence, rambling speech, and loss of inhibition?

Answer 14

Mania

Question 15

What is characterized by alternating states of normality and depression?

Answer 15

Unipolar disorder

Question 16

What is characterized by the alternating states of depression and mania?

Answer 16

Bipolar disorder

Question 17

What is characterized by full-blown episodes of mania?

Answer 17

Bipolar disorder I

Question 18

What is characterized by much milder manic phases, called hypomania, consisting of anxiety and agitation (brain glucose increases during mania and decreases during depression)?

Answer 18

Bipolar disorder II

Question 19

What is lithium used to treat?

Answer 19

Bipolar disorder

Question 20

What is a form of depression tied to the seasons (more common in winter/more common near the poles/treatment often uses very bright lights)?

Answer 20

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Question 21

What is a disorder characterized by deteriorating ability to function in everyday life for 6+ months with 2+ of the following?:

• Hallucinations (i.e., “hearing voices”)
• Delusions: Unjustifiable beliefs
• Grossly disorganized behavior
• Disorganized speech
• Weak or absent signs of emotion, speech, and socialization

Answer 21

Schizophrenia

Question 22

What are behaviors that are present that should be absent (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior)?

Answer 22

Positive symptoms (schizophrenia)

Question 23

What are behaviors that are absent that should be present (weak or absent emotion, speech, and socialization) (usually stable over time and difficult to treat)?

Answer 23

Negative symptoms (schizophrenia)