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Physiological Psych > Exam 3 Material (Sleep Lectures) > Flashcards

Exam 3 Material (Sleep Lectures) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the state that the brain actively produces/ where there is decreased brain activity and decreased response to stimuli?

A

Sleep

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2
Q

What are internal mechanisms operating on a roughly 24 hr cycle (sleep-wake cycle)?

A

Endogenous circadian rhythms

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3
Q

What are the internal mechanisms operating on a yearly cycle?

A

Endogenous circannual rhythms

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4
Q

How long is the human circadian rhythm?

A

Slightly longer than 24 hours

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5
Q

What is a stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm? (ex: sunlight, tides, exercise/activity, meals, arousal, temperature, etc.)

A

Zeitgeber

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6
Q

What is the main control center of the circadian rhythm of sleep and temperature (located above/superior to the optic chiasm)?

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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7
Q

What is a special population of ganglion cells that have their own photopigment called melanopsin? (the cells respond directly to light and do not receive any input from the rods or cones)

A

Retinohypothalamic path

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8
Q

What are two types of genes are responsible for generating the circadian rhythm?

A

Period and timeless

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9
Q

What produces proteins called PER?

A

Period

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10
Q

What produces proteins called TIM?

A

Timeless

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11
Q

What endocrine gland does the SCN regulates and is located posterior to the thalamus?

A

Pineal gland

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12
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin (a hormone that increases sleepiness).

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13
Q

What is a combination of EEG (allows researchers to study the stages of sleep) and eye-movement records?

A

Polysomnograph

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14
Q

What waves are present when one begins a state of relaxation?

A

Alpha waves

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15
Q

What is the stage of sleep when sleep has just begun (irregular, jagged, and low waves) (brain activity begins to decline)?

A

Stage 1

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16
Q

What stage of sleep is characterized by the presence of sleep spindles and k-complex?

A

Stage 2

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17
Q

What are 12-14 Hz waves during a burst that lasts at least half a second?

A

Sleep spindles

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18
Q

What is a sharp high-amplitude negative wave followed by a smaller, slower positive wave?

A

K-complex

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19
Q

What stages of sleep together constitute slow-wave sleep (SWS)?

A

Stage 3 and Stage 4

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20
Q

What are periods characterized by rapid eye movement (also known as paradoxical sleep—-deep sleep in some ways, but light sleep in others)?

A

Rapid eye movement sleep (REM)

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21
Q

What are stages other than REM sleep referred to as?

A

Non-REM sleep (NREM)

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22
Q

What stages of sleep predominate early in the night (length of sr=tage decreases as the night progresses)?

A

Stages 3 and 4

23
Q

What type of sleep is predominant later in the night (length increases as night progresses)?

A

REM sleep

24
Q

What brain mechanism in the midbrain extends from the medulla to the forebrain (responsible for arousal)?

A

Reticular formation

25
Q

What brain mechanism in the midbrain contributes to cortical arousal (axons extend to the hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal forebrain, which release acetylcholine and glutamate)?

A

Pontomesencephalon

26
Q

What does the stimulation of pontomesencephalon do?

A

Awakens sleeping individuals and increases alertness in those already awake

27
Q

When is ACh released?

A

During REM

28
Q

What axons release norepinephrine (NE) to the cortex (increase wakefulness/usually dormant while asleep)?

A

Locus coeruleus

29
Q

What axons release serotonin (5HT) throughout cortex (disrupts REM cortex/ ACh and 5HT regulate REM sleep)?

A

Raphe nuclei

30
Q

What is produced in the hypothalamus (widespread excitatory effects/antihistamines produce sleepiness)?

A

Histamine

31
Q

What is a peptide neurotransmitter released in a pathway from the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus (highly responsible for the ability to stay awake)?

A

Orexin

32
Q

What is produced by cells in the basal forebrain (inhibitory/inhibition provided by this is essential for sleep)?

A

GABA

33
Q

What does GABA also regulate?

A

Decreases in temperature and metabolic rate/decreases in neural activity

34
Q

What causes sleep to be local within the brain?

A

GABA

35
Q

When do sleepwalking, lucid dreaming, and sleep paralysis occur?

A

When one part of the brain is awake and other parts are asleep

36
Q

What activity increases during REM sleep?

A

In the pons and temporal cortex

37
Q

What activity decreases during REM sleep?

A

In the primary visual cortex, the motor cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

38
Q

What is REM sleep associated with?

A

A distinctive pattern of high-amplitude electrical potentials known as PGO waves

39
Q

What is REM regulated by?

A

Serotonin (interrupts REM)/acetylcholine (initiates REM)

40
Q

What are the functions of sleep?

A

Energy conservation and memory consolidation

41
Q

What increases after new learning?

A

Sleep spindles

42
Q

What is the function of REM sleep?

A

Memory storage (pruning connections/storage of motor skills)

43
Q

What are the two biological perspectives on dreaming?

A

The activation-synthesis hypothesis and the clinco-anatomical hypothesis

44
Q

Which hypothesis on dreams states that dreams begin with spontaneous activity in the pons (PGO waves during REM sleep) diffusely activating cortex?

A

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

45
Q

Which hypothesis on dreaming puts less emphasis on pons, PGO waves, and REM sleep/dreams are similar to thinking, just under unusual circumstances (similar to mind wandering)?

A

Clinico-anatomical hypothesis

46
Q

What sleep disorder is characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness (gradual attack of sleepiness) (caused by lack of hypothalamic cells that produce and release orexin)?

A

Narcolepsy

47
Q

What is a sleep disorder associated with inadequate sleep (caused by a number of factors, including noise, stress, pain, diet, and medication)?

A

Insomnia

48
Q

What is the sleep disorder involving repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes the arms while sleeping (usually occurs during NREM sleep/probably not acting out dreams)?

A

Periodic limb movement disorder

49
Q

What sleep disorder is associated with vigorous movement during REM sleep (usually associated with acting out dreams/associated with damage to the pons)?

A

REM behavior disorder

50
Q

What are experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror (usually occurs during NREM sleep/not during a dream state)?

A

Night terrors

51
Q

What is a condition similar to sleepwalking but engaging in sexual behavior while asleep (no memory of event)?

A

Sexsomnia

52
Q

What is a disruption of the circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones?

A

Jet lag

53
Q

What does traveling west do to our circadian rhythms?

A

Phase-delays

54
Q

What does traveling east does to our circadian rhythms?

A

Phase-advances

Physiological Psych (7 decks)

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