Exam 4 Material (Development and Plasticity of the Brain) Flashcards
Where do all the cells in the CNS develop from (develops in embryos after 2 weeks)?
The walls of the NEURAL TUBE
5 stages of neural development?
Proliferation, migration, differentiation, myelination, and synaptogenesis
What stage of neural development refers to the production of new cells/neurons in the brain (primarily occurring in early life)?
Proliferation
What stage of neural development refers to the movement of the newly formed neurons and glia to their eventual locations?
Migration
What stage of neural development refers to the forming of the axon and dendrite that gives the neuron its distinctive shape?
Differentiation
What stage of neural development refers to the process by which glia produces the fatty sheath that covers the axons of some neurons?
Myelination
What is the final stage of neural development/refers to the formation of the synapses between neurons (occurs throughout the lifespan)?
Synaptogenesis
Where do new neurons later in life form?
Hippocampus
During early development, how do axons find their precise final locations?
Axons follow a chemical trail to reach their appropriate target
Axons follow what to reach their appropriate target?
Chemical trail
What is TOPdv?
Topography dorsal ventral
Growing axons follow what?
A gradient of chemicals
What idea thinks that neural connections initially form more connections than needed/through competition, the most successful axon connections and combinations survive (others fail to sustain active synapses/pruned)?
Neural Darwinism
What is a chemical that promotes the survival and activity of neurons (i.e., NGF)?
Neurotropin
What is a type of protein released by muscles that promote the survival and growth of axons (neurotrophin)?
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
What is the pre-programmed mechanism of cell death?
Apoptosis
Axons that are not exposed to neurotrophins after making connections undergo what (therefore, the healthy adult nervous system contains no neurons that failed to make appropriate connections)?
Apoptosis
How does the cortex differentiate?
Immature neurons transplanted to a developing part of the cortex develop the properties of the new location.
What synaptic development depends on the presence of certain sensory stimuli?
Experience expectant
What refers to the generation of synapses unique to an organism based on their personal experience?
Experience dependent
When is the prefrontal cortex (PFC) fully developed?
Around 20 years old (less impulsive, more focus on the future, etc.)
What are new branches formed by other non-damaged axons that attach to vacant receptors (cells that have lost their source of innervation release neurotrophins that induce axon sprouting)?
Collateral sprouts
What is continued sensation of an amputated limb (when other parts of the body are stimulated/the cortex reorganizes itself after an amputation/now responsive to other parts of the body/original axons degenerate leaving vacant synapses into which other axons sprout)?
Phantom limb
