Exam 4 Material (Development and Plasticity of the Brain)

Question 1

Where do all the cells in the CNS develop from (develops in embryos after 2 weeks)?

Answer 1

The walls of the NEURAL TUBE

Question 2

5 stages of neural development?

Answer 2

Proliferation, migration, differentiation, myelination, and synaptogenesis

Question 3

What stage of neural development refers to the production of new cells/neurons in the brain (primarily occurring in early life)?

Answer 3

Proliferation

Question 4

What stage of neural development refers to the movement of the newly formed neurons and glia to their eventual locations?

Answer 4

Migration

Question 5

What stage of neural development refers to the forming of the axon and dendrite that gives the neuron its distinctive shape?

Answer 5

Differentiation

Question 6

What stage of neural development refers to the process by which glia produces the fatty sheath that covers the axons of some neurons?

Answer 6

Myelination

Question 7

What is the final stage of neural development/refers to the formation of the synapses between neurons (occurs throughout the lifespan)?

Answer 7

Synaptogenesis

Question 8

Where do new neurons later in life form?

Answer 8

Hippocampus

Question 9

During early development, how do axons find their precise final locations?

Answer 9

Axons follow a chemical trail to reach their appropriate target

Question 10

Axons follow what to reach their appropriate target?

Answer 10

Chemical trail

Question 11

What is TOPdv?

Answer 11

Topography dorsal ventral

Question 12

Growing axons follow what?

Answer 12

A gradient of chemicals

Question 13

What idea thinks that neural connections initially form more connections than needed/through competition, the most successful axon connections and combinations survive (others fail to sustain active synapses/pruned)?

Answer 13

Neural Darwinism

Question 14

What is a chemical that promotes the survival and activity of neurons (i.e., NGF)?

Answer 14

Neurotropin

Question 15

What is a type of protein released by muscles that promote the survival and growth of axons (neurotrophin)?

Answer 15

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)

Question 16

What is the pre-programmed mechanism of cell death?

Answer 16

Apoptosis

Question 17

Axons that are not exposed to neurotrophins after making connections undergo what (therefore, the healthy adult nervous system contains no neurons that failed to make appropriate connections)?

Answer 17

Apoptosis

Question 18

How does the cortex differentiate?

Answer 18

Immature neurons transplanted to a developing part of the cortex develop the properties of the new location.

Question 19

What synaptic development depends on the presence of certain sensory stimuli?

Answer 19

Experience expectant

Question 20

What refers to the generation of synapses unique to an organism based on their personal experience?

Answer 20

Experience dependent

Question 21

When is the prefrontal cortex (PFC) fully developed?

Answer 21

Around 20 years old (less impulsive, more focus on the future, etc.)

Question 22

What are new branches formed by other non-damaged axons that attach to vacant receptors (cells that have lost their source of innervation release neurotrophins that induce axon sprouting)?

Answer 22

Collateral sprouts

Question 23

What is continued sensation of an amputated limb (when other parts of the body are stimulated/the cortex reorganizes itself after an amputation/now responsive to other parts of the body/original axons degenerate leaving vacant synapses into which other axons sprout)?

Answer 23

Phantom limb