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Physiological Psych > Exam 3 Material (Internal Regulation Lecture) > Flashcards

Exam 3 Material (Internal Regulation Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the energy used to maintain a constant body temperature at rest?

A

Basal metabolism

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2
Q

What are regulation processes that keep certain body variables within a fixed range or at a set point (single value the body works to maintain/similar to a thermostat)?

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

What is one of the body’s top biological priorities (uses about two-thirds of our energy per day)?

A

Temperature regulation

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4
Q

What is an adaptive change in a set point in response to changes in life or the environment (e.g., weight gain in fall, loss in spring/fever)?

A

Allostasis

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5
Q

What type of species have body temperatures that match the environmental temperature (amphibians, reptiles, and most fish/AKA “cold-blooded/ lack physiological mechanism for temperature regulation)?

A

Poikilothermic

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6
Q

What is accomplished by choosing locations in the environment (e.g., snake in sun)/used exclusively for temperature regulation in poikilothermic animals/also used in other animals?

A

Behavioral regulation

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7
Q

What is the use of internal physiological mechanisms to maintain an almost constant body temperature (e.g., 98 degrees)/characteristic of mammals and birds/ requires energy and fuel/warm-blooded animals?

A

Homeothermic

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8
Q

What happens when the body is hot (parasympathetic)?

A

Sweating and panting

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9
Q

What happens when the body is cold (sympathetic)?

A

Shivering, increasing metabolic rate, decreasing blood flow to the skin, etc. increase temperature

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10
Q

What area of the brain controls body temperature?

A

Preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (POA/AH)

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11
Q

What monitors the body’s temperature by monitoring its own temperature?

A

POA/AH

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12
Q

Heating the POA/AH leads to what?

A

Panting or sweating

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13
Q

Cooling the POA/AH leads to what?

A

Shivering

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14
Q

What increases the body’s set point (the immune system response activates the vagus nerve-stimulating the hypothalamus to initiate this/behavioral regulation ineffective in reducing this)?

A

Fever

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15
Q

What is good about a fever?

A

Some bacteria grow less vigorously in warmer than normal body temperature/fever enhances activity of the immune system

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16
Q

What is bad about a fever?

A

A fever above 103 degrees does the body more harm than good/fevers above 109 degrees are life-threatening

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17
Q

What is water conserved by?

A

Concentration of urine/decreasing sweat and other automatic responses

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18
Q

How is water regulation accomplished?

A

Drinking more water than we need and excreting the rest

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19
Q

What are the two types of thirst?

A

Osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst (each kind of thirst motivates different behaviors)

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20
Q

What is a thirst resulting from eating salty foods?

A

Osmotic thirst (you crave pure water)

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21
Q

What is a thirst resulting from loss of fluids due to bleeding or sweating?

A

Hypovolemic thirst (you crave slightly salty water)

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22
Q

What type of thirst helps the body maintain a concentration of solutes at a fixed level?

A

Osmotic thirst

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23
Q

What is a hormone released by the posterior pituitary (constricts blood vessels-raises blood pressure/kidneys reabsorb water, concentrated urine/Compensates for the decreased water volume)?

A

Vasopressin

24
Q

What area of the brain is part of the hypothalamus, CONTROLS DRINKING (initiates thirst), receptors in the stomach provide feedback to inhibit drinking/thirst?

A

Lateral preoptic area

25
Q

What does the body do to inhibit thirst?

A
  1. Monitors swallowing

2. Detects the water contents of the stomach and small intestine

26
Q

What type of thirst is associated with low volume of body fluids (AKA volumetric thirst), triggered by vasopressin and angiotensin II (hormones), constrict blood vessels to compensate for a drop in blood pressure?

A

Hypovolemic thirst

27
Q

What is a strong craving for salty foods (develops automatically to restore solute levels in the blood)?

A

Sodium-specific hunger

28
Q

Where do enzymes digest proteins, fats, and carbohydrates/ digested food absorbed into bloodstream?

A

Small intestine

29
Q

What absorbs water and minerals/passes waste?

A

Large intestine

30
Q

What experiment had a tube connected to the stomach prevents it from filling (no satiety, mouth sensations not sufficient for satiety)?

A

Sham feeding experiments

31
Q

What conveys information about the stretching of the stomach walls to the brain?

A

Vagus nerve

32
Q

What conveys information about the nutrient contents of the stomach?

A

Splanchnic nerves

33
Q

What part of the small intestine is where the initial absorption of nutrients occurs (distention of this produces feelings of satiety)?

A

Duodenum

34
Q

What hormone does the duodenum release?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

35
Q

How does cholecystokinin (CCK) regulate hunger?

A
  1. Closing the muscle between the stomach and duodenum (the stomach holds its contents and fills faster)
  2. Stimulating the vagus nerve to send a message to the hypothalamus to signal satiety
36
Q

What levels influence feelings of hunger?

A

Glucose, insulin, and glucagon

37
Q

What is a pancreatic hormone that enables glucose to enter the cell?

A

Insulin

38
Q

When do insulin levels rise?

A

As someone is getting ready for a meal and after a meal

39
Q

When is the pancreatic hormone glucagon released?

A

When glucose levels fall

40
Q

What stimulates the liver to convert some of its stored glycogen to glucose to replenish low supplies in the blood?

A

Glucagon

41
Q

What do the body’s fat cells produce (low levels increase hunger, high levels decrease hunger, increase physical and immune activity)?

A

The peptide leptin

42
Q

Obesity caused by consistent overeating damages the neurons of what structure (leads to decreased leptin sensitivity)?

A

Hypothalamus

43
Q

Where do hunger signals converge onto (contains neurons sensitive to hunger signals/neurons sensitive to satiety signals)?

A

Arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus

44
Q

Neurons of the arcuate nucleus specifically sensitive to hunger signals receive input from where?

A

Taste pathways/the neurotransmitter ghrelin

45
Q

What is released as a neurotransmitter in the brain and as a hormone in the stomach (released from stomach during food shortages/in the stomach also trigger contractions, binding in the arcuate signals hunger)?

A

Ghrelin

46
Q

What limits food intake?

A

Melanocortin

47
Q

Lateral hypothalamus releases orexin, which does what?

A
  1. Increases animals’ peristence in seeking food

2. Responds to incentives and reinforcement

48
Q

What is responsible for these actions?:

  1. Acts in the NTS to make food taste better
  2. Facilitates ingestion, swallowing, and responsiveness to taste, smell, and sight of food
  3. Increases insulin secretion
  4. Increases digestive secretions
A

Lateral hypothalamus

49
Q

Damage to what structure leads to overeating and weight gain (stomach to empties faster than usual)?

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus

50
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus inhibit (important for feelings of hunger)?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

51
Q

The paraventricular nucelus releases what (limits food intake)?

A

Melanocortin

52
Q

Input from the hunger-sensitive neurons of the arcuate nucleus is inhibitory to both the what?

A

Paraventricular nucleus and the satiety-sensitive cells of the arcuate nucleus itself

53
Q

Arcuate nucleus projects to the what in the hypothalamus?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

54
Q

Satiety-sensitive cells of the arcuate nucleus deliver an excitatory message to the what?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

55
Q

Input to the satiety-sensitive cells of the what include:

  • Short-term satiety signals (distention of the intestine triggers neurons to release the neurotransmitter CCK/blood glucose and body fat increase blood levels of the hormone insulin and related peptides)
  • Long-term satiety signals (leptin provides additional input)
A

Arcuate nucleus

Physiological Psych (7 decks)

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